2. Health Class Emergency First Aid and CPR

3. This presentation is not intended as a substitute for professional medical care. First Aid and CPR training certification can be obtained at the American Heart Association or the American Red Cross. NOTICE

4. EMERGENCY FIRST AID íIf you are the first on the scene of accident that results in an injury or serious illness, you may be the only link between a victim and emergency medical care. Your role is to take action, whether by providing first aid, seeking medical help or calling 911. Your actions may improve the victims chance of recovery. íThe following slides will provide specific information from the American Heart Association on basic first aid procedures.

5. CHECK, CALL, CARE zCheck: Consider safety first and make sure the surroundings are safe for you and victim. (Gloves, glasses, masks, etc.) zCall: Call 911 or yell for help for someone to call 911. zCare: Follow ABC’s.

6. BLEEDING ÜApply direct pressure to the wound (at this time a direct pressure bandage may be used) ÜElevate (do not further harm) ÜPressure Point additional pressure may be applied to a pressure point to help reduce bleeding.

7. 2 TYPES OF WOUNDS z1. OPEN WOUNDz 2. CLOSED WOUND A closed wound (a contusion or internal bleeding) is a bruise that damages the underlying tissue without breaking the skin (as in a black eye). An open wound (as in a knife cut) is a break in the skin or mucous membrane.

8. CLASSIFICATION OF WOUNDS zName Description In an avulsion, a portion of skin isThis can be partial, with a portion of skin remaining as a "flap." In a total avulsion, a body part is completely torn off. zAvulsion (OPEN) In an avulsion, a portion of skin is torn. This can be partial, with a portion of skin remaining as a "flap." In a total avulsion, a body part is completely torn off. Bleeding that occurs causes discoloration, swelling. The area begins as red but may turn into a "black and blue mark." zContusion/Bruise (CLOSED) Bleeding that occurs under the skin causes discoloration, swelling. The area begins as red but may turn into a "black and blue mark." A cut is a split in the skin caused by a sharp object, such as aknife, or even a dull object; has aedge. zIncision (OPEN) A cut is a split in the skin caused by a sharp object, such as a knife, or even a dull object; has a smooth edge. A cut that has aedge. zLaceration (OPEN) A cut that has a jagged edge. A puncture wound is caused when the skin is by a sharp object. Included in this category are gunshot wounds, impaled objects, and an object that passes totally through a part of the body. zPuncture (OPEN) A puncture wound is caused when the skin is pierced by a sharp object. Included in this category are gunshot wounds, impaled objects, and an object that passes totally through a part of the body. A scrape is very common, and occurs when skin isor scraped away. zAbrasion/Scrape (OPEN) A scrape is very common, and occurs when skin is rubbed or scraped away.

9. CARE FOR SHOCK  Keep the victim laying down (if possible).  Elevate legs 10-12 inches… unless you suspect a spinal injury or broken bones.  Cover the victim to maintain body temperature.  Provide the victim with plenty of fresh air.  If victim begins to vomit - place them on their left side.  Call 911.

10. FIRST AID FOR SPRAINS AND STRAINS P-R-I-C-E  P-rice, protection of injured area  R-est, no activity  I-ce, for 20 minutes  C - Compress, use an elastic or conforming wrap - not too tight.  E - Elevate, above heart level to control internal bleeding.

11. CARE FOR DISLOCATIONS AND FRACTURES I-A-C-T  I - Immobilize area above and below the injured site. Use pillows, jackets, blankets, etc. Stop any movement by supporting injured area.  A - Activate Emergency Medical Services (EMS), call 911.  C - Care for shock. See “Care for Shock” slide.  T - Treat any additional secondary injuries.

12. 2 CLASSIFICATIONS OF FRACTURES zOpen Fracture zOpen Fracture Close to the fracture, the skin is broken and the bone may protrude through the skin. z Closed Fracture z Closed Fracture - The surrounding skin is unbroken. However, injury to internal tissue may cause swelling

13. SIMPLE FRACTURE zWhen there is a clean break or crack in the bone, it is also known as a simple fracture.

14. COMPOUND FRACTURE zA compound fracture is a break in the bone with an external wound extending to the bone.

15. GREENSTICK FRACTURE z A split in a young, immature bone (common in children).

16. COMMINUTED FRACTURE zThis type of fracture produces multiple bone fragments.

17. IMPACTED FRACTURE z An impacted fracture is one whose ends are driven into each other. This is commonly seen in arm fractures in children and is sometimes known as a buckle fracture.

18. Poisons Poisons can enter the body one of four ways: 1. Inhalation 2. Ingestion 3. Injection 4. Absorption

19. POISONING  Assess the scene for clues and safety.  Get victim away from poison if necessary.  Provide care for any life threatening conditions.  Notify medical staff or on-call Doctor.  Call the Poison Control Center and 911 when necessary.

20. OTHER FIRST AID PROCEDURES 4Burn Care 4Neck and Back Injuries 4Heat Exhaustion/Heat Stroke 4Hypothermia/Frost Bite 4Severe Allergic Reactions 4Bites and Stings

21. Degree of Burn First Degree Burn Second Degree Burn Third Degree Burn Epidermis Dermis Hypodermis

22. Burns – Degrees of Burns 1.First-degree burn a.Only the top layer of skin is b.The skin is only mildly c.There is only a little d.These burns usually within a week. burned. discolored. swelling. heal

23. First-Degree Burn Epidermis Dermis Hypodermis First Degree Burn Damage to the outer layer of skin (epidermis), causing pain, redness, and swelling. Redness (Erythema)

24. Burns – Degrees of Burns 1.Second-degree burn a. layers of skin are burned. b.The skin has a appearance. c.There is greater swelling, and there are d.These burns take up to three weeks to heal and should be attended by a Several spotty or blotchy blisters. physician.

25. Second-Degree Burn Second Degree Burn Damage to both outer skin and underlying tissue layers (epidermis and dermis), causing pain, redness, swelling, and blistering. Blisters (Bulla)

26. Burns – Degrees of Burns 1.Third-degree burn a. layers of skin are burned. b.There is discoloration. c.Some skin may be d.These burns can be Many severe charred. life threatening.

27. Third-Degree Burn Third Degree Burn Damage extends deeper into tissues (epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis) causing extensive tissue destruction. The skin may feel numb. Full thickness burn with tissue damage

28. Heat Burn Treatment  For a first or second degree burn, run cool tap water for 15-20 minutes and cover with a bandage. Do not use ice or butter.  Burn is first-degree or small second-degree, apply cold water/compress until pain stops.  Do not apply an ointment.  Determine degree and amount of burn.

29. Heat Burn Treatment Do not attempt to pull off the clothing because skin may come with it.Do not attempt to pull off the clothing because skin may come with it. Cut off clothing if it is not attached to the skin.Cut off clothing if it is not attached to the skin.  Apply a sterile dressing and elevate.  Seek immediate medical attention. If it is a third-degree burn or large second-degree burn:

30. Chemical Burn Treatment  Determine if burn was caused by a dry chemical.  If so, brush it off, remove clothing, wash area fifteen to twenty minutes.  If not caused by dry chemical, remove clothing and jewelry, wash area for fifteen to twenty minutes.  Seek medical attention in both cases.

31. Electrical Burn Treatment  If burn is not chemical, then it’s an electrical burn.  Is victim in contact with electrical source, are you at risk?  If yes, ask adult to turn off power.  May entail calling 911 to have then call appropriate person.  Treatment same as heat burn.

32. Electrical Burn Treatment  In all cases, monitor wound for signs of infection.  Large wounds – seek medical attention to reduce risk of infection.  Serious burn, monitor for signs of shock.

33. HEAD AND SPINE INJURY zAlways suspect head and spine injury. zDo not move unless area is unsafe and the person’s life is in danger. zUse the jaw thrust method if unresponsive.

34. Weather Related Emergencies Weather related emergencies include:  Hyperthermia: Heat related, body unable to cool itself  Heat Exhaustion: Skin cold & clammy, person alert  Heatstroke: Skin hot, altered state of awareness  Hypothermia: Cold related, body unable to warm itself  Frostbite: Freezing of the extremities (fingers & toes)  Frostnip: First stage of freezing outer layers of skin

35.  Move person into a cool place; remove any excess clothing; cool victim with either water, fanning, or cool packs under the armpits or groin; wait for medical attention, in the case of heatstroke. Treatment for Hyperthermia Weather Related Emergencies

36. Treatment for Hypothermia “The core body temperature drops below degrees.” Ninety-five

37. Weather Related Emergencies Treatment for Hypothermia  Move the victim out of the cold; handle the victim carefully; replace wet clothes with dry clothes.  You may need to be forceful verbally to get the individual to comply;  Insulate from the cold with layered clothing and/or an insulated sleeping bag.

38.  If possible, try to catch the spider or insect without risk to you.  Check to see if the stinger is in the skin.  If not, Clean the area, apply ice to reduce swelling. Insect Bite or Sting Treatment

39.  If stinger is found, gently scrape the stinger out of the wound using a plastic card or fingernail, pulling away from the wound to minimize amount of toxin released into the body.  Do not squeeze stinger. Treat wound as a minor cut.

40. Insect Bite or Sting Treatment  Next, check to see if the victim is allergic to the bite. (Check for difficulty breathing, swelling of face and tongue. If can use a epinephrine pen.)  Look for signs of shock and swelling.  If no, then seek medical attention or an adult for assistance.  If yes, check “ABC,” treat for shock, and immediately seek medical attention.

41. CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION CPR ABC’s  A IRWAY - Open the airway with the tilt- chin method.  B reath - give two breaths.  C heck circulation.  If there is no pulse or breathing…..(next slide)

42. CPR Continued :… Perform chest compressions.  30 compressions and two breaths. :Count = 1-2-3-4-5…30 :80-100 chest compressions per minute :Cycle through 5 times (2/30)

43. Two steps for Hands-Only CPR: When an adult suddenly collapses, trained or untrained bystanders – that means a person near the victim – should: 1) Call 911 2) Push hard and fast in the center of the chest.

44. AED z The American Heart Association has determined that 250,000 people die each year from cardiac arrest. Ventricular fibrillation (VF) is the most common arrhythmia that causes cardiac arrest. Defibrillation is the only known treatment for VF.

45. MORE ON AED’s zDue to the introduction of a new generation of defibrillators, called automated external defibrillators (AED's), it is possible for lay rescuers to deliver defibrillation. The new AED's are safe, effective, lightweight, low maintenance, easy to use and relatively inexpensive (about $2000).

46. How Do AED's Work? z A microprocessor inside the defibrillator interprets (analyzes) the victim's heart rhythm through adhesive electrodes (some AED models require you to press an ANALYZE button). The computer analyzes the heart rhythm and advises the operator whether a shock is needed. AEDs advise a shock only to ventricular fibrillation and fast ventricular tachycardia. The electric current is delivered through the victim's chest wall through adhesive electrode pads.

47. RESCUE BREATHING ä1 breath every 5 seconds - 12 per minute. äCompressions : ventilations = 15:2

48. REMEMBER!!! UNIVERSAL PRECAUTIONS:  The routine use of appropriate barrier precautions to prevent skin and mucous membrane exposure when contact with blood or other body fluids of any individual may occur or is anticipated.  Universal Precautions apply to blood and to all other body fluids with potential for spreading any infections.

49. THE END REFERENCES: GLENCOE HEALTH; GOOGLE; AMERICAN HEART ASSOCIATION