1. South America Earliest art 8800 b.c.e.
Time frame of focus: 1500 b.c.e b.c.
West South America
Dry Coast, mountains, rain forest
Little Rain
Shamanistic, Kingship
Chavin, Parascas, Nasca, Moche, Tiwanaku, Wari,, Lambayeque, Chimu, Chancay & Inca
Pottery, Gold, Textiles
Condors, pumas, Llamas, jaguar, caiman, monkey, macaw, etc.

2. Worldview Commonalities Huaca: “active interrelations”
Camay: “create, manifest, infuse with energy”
Ayni: “two make whole” (reciprocity, male/female)
Tinku: “two to make a third”
Pachakuti: embrace “change and flux”
Ukhu: “interior” that is concealed but important
Qumpi: preciousness, creativity, lavishness
Cyclicality
Sacred places, transference of energy

3. Chapter 2: Early and Chavin: Lithic Period, 10,000-3,000 b.c.e.
Mummification
5000 b.c.
Chinchorro, Chile
Dry
Textiles
Sedge plants
Valdivia
4000 b.c.e.
Women
Fertility
Ritually killed

4. Cotton Pre-Ceramic Period 3000-1800 b.c.e.
Melting icecaps / floods
Textiles
Finger woven
Loom?
Huaca Preita
Weaving site
Twining
Warp (v)/ weft (h)
Raptor
Coiled snake
Hybridity
Ayni: 2 make whole

5. Great Pyramid at Caral, 2800 b.c.e.
Earliest pyramid
60’
30 structures
160 acres
Plaster
White, yellow, red
Platforms
Enlargements
Shicras; rock fill

6. Caral Ampitheater

7. Temple of Crossed Hands, Kotosh, Huanuco (Peru), 2000-1800 b.c.e.,
2 Adobe mounds
Buried
Protection
Duality

8. Rock painting of Pregnant Vicunas, Cuchimachay, Peru
Pre-Ceramic period
b.c.e.
S. Peru
Rock Shelters
Hunting camps
Camelids
Fertility
lifestyle
Fewer Humans

9. Rock paintings, Cuchimachay, Peru

10. Rock paintings, Cuchimachay, Peru

11. Feline Head, Huaca de los Reyes, Caballo Muerto, Pre-Ceramic, 1300 b.c.e.,
Initial Period
b.c.e.
Sedentary
Looms
Fired clay statues
Pink, blue white
U-shaped structures
Facing mountain (apus)
Water
Feline Head
5’7”
painted

12. Lanzon Cult Image, Chavin, 900 – 200 b.c.e.
Shamanistic practices
Spiders, insects, toads

13. Chavin de Huantar, Callejon de Conchucos, 1100-500 b.c.e.
Valley
U-shaped
East facing
Stone carvings
Tenon heads
White/black granite

14. Chavin de Huantar, Callejon de Conchucos, 1100-500 b. c. e
Chavin de Huantar, Callejon de Conchucos, b.c.e. Sunken Circular Court Figures

15. Lanzon Cult Image, Chavin, 900 – 200 b.c.e.
“Great Lance”
Blade
Farming
Oracle
Monolith
15’
Center of Old Temple
4 directions
World tree
Chakana 
Chavin Supreme Deity
Rain Forest
Natural fertility
Entheogens (spirit within / Ukhu)
Twisted Pattern
Universe Intertwined/Interdependent
Offerings
Corn beer, water, gold, shell

16. Tenon Heads, Temple of Chavin de Huantar, 900 – 200 b.c.e.
Tenon - pegged (100)
Individualized
Shamanistic transformation

17. Black and White Portal Reliefs, Chavin, 900 – 200 b.c.e.,
New Temple
B/W stone portal
Duality / Ahni

18. Black and White Portal Reliefs, Chavin, 900 – 200 b.c.e.,
Anthropomorphic
Beaks, fangs, tails, wings
Male
Hawk
Female
Vagina Dentata
Eagle

19. Raimondi Stela, Chavin, 900 – 200 b.c.e.,
Staff bearing deity
Duality within single figure 7’
Granite
Upright/ inverted image

20. Chavin Textiles Cloth 3000 b.c.e. Karwa burial site
Stone carvings at the site of Chavin de Huantar.
Staff God:
Clawed hands and feet,
Serpent hair, belt
Cotton
Brown and pink die
Female figures
Eyes as breats
Fanged vaginas
Intertwined staffs

21. Santa Ana Stirrup-spout vessel Chavin, 900-200 b.c.e.
Cupisnique
Thick / lip at top
Incising, burnishing
Jaguars, humans plants fruit
Thin walls
Stirrup = Tinku
Santa Ana
Red and black
Fanged hads
Pendent iris

22. Chapter 3: Paracas and Nasca Oculate Being, Paracas, 750 b. c. e
Chapter 3: Paracas and Nasca Oculate Being, Paracas, 750 b.c.e. and 100 c.e.
Early Horizon and Early Intermediate Period
Peak c.e.
Paracas and Nasca South Coast
Paracas - “Sand Falling like Rain”
Village Culture
Burial - bundles of textiles
Ceramics
Oculate: Holes for eyes
Fertility cult
Stuck out tongue
Snakes
2nd mask
Repetition, variety, polychrome
Yellow, green, terracotta, white black
“Smudge blackware”
Painted resin
Post-fired painting

23. Mummy Bundle, Paracas Burial Dry temperatures Fetal position
Layers of textiles
5, ,000 production hours
Nose rings, spondylus shell necklace, embroidered garments
Royalty - 7’ of cloth & offerings
Commoner - cotton cloth, pottery

24. Embroidered Mantle, Paracas
Linear Style
200 b.c.e.
Cotton / wool
Series of outlines
Red green, gold, blue
Negative space part of image
Columnar
Abstract felines, birds, snakes, faces
Center - oculate being
Access spirit realm
Master of the Animals

25. Embroidered Mantle, Paracas
Cotton/wool
Post-linear style
Series of outlines filled in with color
Up to 19 colors
Recognizable beings
Transformation

26. Flying Shaman Mantle, Paracas
40 types
Block color style
Sacred mushroom
Trance state pinwheel
Polychrome
Dynamic movement

27. Paracas Embroidery Styles

28. Nasca Goldwork Post-Paracas Chiefdom No genetic distinction
Similar subject matter and ceramics
Different technology
Slip (not post-fired)
Painting on cloth
Ceramic style
Early naturalism
Later Abstract
Maroon gray and blue-grey
Goldwork
Chavin, Paracas tradition
Gold/copper
Thin sheets

29. Nasca Ceramics Double Spout and Bridge Vessel
Achira - cactus plant
Zig-zags
Contrasting color
Hand-built
Slip
Wheel to shape

30. Double Spout and Bridge Vessel with Battle Scene, Nasca

31. Nasca Pottery

32. Flying Shaman Vessel, Nasca
Middle Nasca
Increased design
Abstraction
Flying beings
Feline/Human
Shamanistic
Visions

33. Nasca Geoglyphs Subtractive drawings Dark over light stones
130 sq. mi.
Features:
Point towards Sun Rainy Season
Direction of Streams
Connect rivers
Process
Obseration
Fires
Purpose
Calendar
Map
Clan
Fertility
Ceremony
Nasca Geoglyphs