1. Early South American Civilization: The Chavin (1200-250 B.C.E.) Chapter 2 / Section 3 FINISHED!!!

2. South America

3. The Chavin in the Andes

5. The Center of the Chavin and there Areas of Influence

6. “Cleaned-Up” Satellite Image of the Peru

7. Geography  Mountain Core (Andes Mountains)  Arid costal plain  Dense interior jungles

8. Andes Mountains of Peru

9. Agricultural Terraces in the Foothills of Peru

11. Coastal Plains of Peru

12. Interior Jungles of Peru

13. Diverse environment   The development of specialized regional production  Complex social institutions  Characteristic cultural values ↓  Interregional exchanges  Shared labor responsibilities

14. Earliest Urban Centers: Villages along the coastal plain or in the foothills near the coast Why there? Reasons: 1) Dependable food supply (fish & mollusks) 2) Trade in seafood for corn & textiles → Cultural exchange: ceremonial practices, religious beliefs, & art

15. Mollusks: abalone, clams, oysters, snails

16. Mollusks cont.: octopus, squid

17. Caral in the Supe Valley (2600 B.C.E.) Characteristics considered hallmarks of later Andean civilizations: Ceremonial plazas Ceremonial plazas Pyramids Pyramids Elevated platforms and mounds Elevated platforms and mounds Extensive irrigation works Extensive irrigation works → Population of thousands → Political structure capable of organizing maritime & agricultural trade over a broad area

18. Caral in the Supe Valley

20. The Chavin  Early South American civilization  Capital: Chavin de Huantar (cha-BEAN day WAHN-tar)  At an elevation of 13,000 ft  North of today’s city of Lima (today’s capital city of Peru)

21. Chavin de Hunatar (a World Heritage Site)

22. Chavin de Huantar Plaza

23. Underground Chamber

24.  Densely populated region  Connected the Peruvian coastal plains, the Andean foothills, & the tropical lowlands of the eastern Andes → Control of trade by Chavin’s political elite → Economic advantage & influence over their rivals → Dominance as a ceremonial & commercial center

25. So, what made Chavin trade so influential?  Introduction of maize cultivation from Mesoamerica  increased food supplies on the coastal plains and the foothills  population growth  urbanization  Chavin grew

26. As Chavin grew  trade b/w the coast and a) the high mountain valleys (quinoa, potatoes, & llamas) b) the jungle (coca leaves & fruits)

27. Quinoa

28. Coca Leaves

29. The Significance of the Llama  First domesticated in the mountainous interior of Peru  Provided meat, wool, & transportation  Could carry up to 70 lbs (human: 50 lbs)  Promoted specialization of production and increased trade  Llamas to Peru: Camels to trans-Saharan trade

30. Consequences of trade & urbanization:  Communal work  Reciprocal labor organization ↓ Construction & maintenance of: Roads, bridges Roads, bridges Temples, palaces Temples, palaces Irrigation, drainage Irrigation, drainage Textile production Textile production

31. Chavin de Huantar Temple

33. Columns of the Temple

34. Water Ditch in Chavin de Huantar

35. Carved Pillar & Stone Face Inside and Outside the Temple

36. How did reciprocal labor organization work?  Groups of related families  Held land together  Claimed descent from a common ancestor  Referred to one another as brothers and sisters  Obligated to help one another

37. Material Culture 1) Architectural style: a) Large complex of multilevel platforms b) Small buildings on the platforms (rituals or elite residences) c) Construction materials: packed earth, rubble, cut stone, or adobe (sun-dried clay bricks & straw) d) Buildings decorated w/ relief carvings (serpents, condors, jaguars, humans)

38. 2) Metallurgy: a) High-quality, 3D silver, gold, & gold alloy ornaments b) Only used by the elite or in religious rituals c) Most common decorative motif: jaguar- man (similar to the Olmec symbol)

40. 3) Pottery styles:

41. Chavin Religious Beliefs  Jaguar-man  An enduring image of religious authority  A vehicle through which the gods could act in the world of humans

43. Diffusion of Chavin culture over a wide area: The Chavin must have imposed on their neighbors: The Chavin must have imposed on their neighbors: - Some form of political integration - Trade dependency ↑ Needed military power to accomplish them.

44.  The Chavin must have also had a convincing religious system and rituals that attracted other people  Chavin de Huantar also served as a pilgrimage site

45. The Chavin Social Structure  Religious elite: priests  Political elite: king / local chiefs (differences in dress styles: high-quality textiles, gold crowns, breastplates, jewelry)  Skilled artisans

46. Chavin Textiles

47. Chavin Gold Jewelry

48. What happened to the Chavin?  No evidence of conquest or rebellion  Historians do not know the exact cause  BUT, they do know:  Increased warfare in the region (at around 200 B.C.E)   Disrupted trade & undermined the authority of the political elite