2. Reproductive Systems

3. Objective: zAnalyze the anatomy and physiology of the reproductive system of livestock animals and poultry.

4. Sexual vs. Asexual Reproduction zThe methods of reproduction are broadly grouped into two main types: sexual and asexual. zAsexual: Reproduction occurs from a single living organism. zSexual: Reproduction occurs from two living organisms.

5. Conditions required for reproduction zMale and Female gametes zProper nutrition zHeat (estrus) zLibido (sex drive) zSuccessful copulation of same species zUnion of egg and sperm zSuccessful gestation and parturition zFavorable environmental conditions

6. Reproductive Functions of Male and Female zBRAINSTORM

7. Reproductions Functions zFemale 1. Produce gamete (ova/egg) xOvulation – releases egg where fertilization can occur

8. Ovulation Rates (eggs per estrus) Cow 1 egg Ewe 1-2 eggs Sow 10-20 eggs Mare 1 egg Hen ~28 per month

9. Female Reproduction Functions continued 2. Develop embryo in uterus from fertilization to parturition (period of gestation) 3. Expel fully developed young Species Act of giving birth Offspring CowsCalvingcalf EwesLambinglamb SowsFarrowingpig HensHatchingchick MaresFoalingfoal GoatsKiddingkid

10. Female Reproduction Functions cont… 4.Produce milk (lactation) to nourish young Species Pregnancy (days) Lactation (days) Cow275-285 Beef – 180-270 Dairy – 305-365 Ewe142-14960-120 Sow112-11521-42 Mare330-34590-150 Woman270?

11. Male Reproduction Functions 1.To produce large number of viable sperm 2.To deliver sperm to the right place at the right time

12. Major Organs of the Reproductive System zOvaries - FEMALE reproductive gland in which EGGS are formed and Progesterone and Estrogen hormones are produced. zTestes -- MALE reproductive gland that produces SPERM and TESTOSTERONE.

13. zOogenesis – process of making egg cells zSpermatogenesis – process of making sperm cells

14. Reproductive Terms zCHALK TALK yZygoteEmbryo yPregnancy Fertilization yConceptionEjaculation yOvulationSterility yFertilePalpation yGestation

15. Reproductive Terms zZygote -- a cell formed by the union of EGG and SPERM at fertilization. zEMBRYO -- organism in early stages of development. zPREGNANCY -- carrying a fetus zFertilization -- the union of the EGG and SPERM nuclei

16. Reproductive Terms zCONCEPTION - occurrence of fertilization zEjaculation - a discharge of SEMEN from the male zOvulation - release of an OVULE from the female. zSTERILITY - Temporary or permanent inability to reproduce

17. Reproductive Terms zFERTILE - the ability to reproduce zPALPATION - Examination by feel zGestation - the time from FERTILIZATION or conception of a female until she gives BIRTH

18. Female Reproductive Organs Structure

19. Female Reproductive Organs Function zVulva -opening of reproductive tract zVagina - channel for birth and copulation zCervix - divides vagina and uterus zUterus - provides nourishment for fetus zHorns of Uterus - where zygote implants zFallopian Tube - where fertilization occurs zInfundibulum – funnels eggs from ovaries zOvaries - produces eggs and hormones

20. Male Reproductive Organs Structure

21. Male Reproductive Organs Function zTestes - produce sperm and testosterone zEpididymis - collects and stores sperm zVas deferens - transports sperm zAmpulla - temporary storage zPenis - places sperm in female zUrethra - transports urine

22. Male Reproductive Organs Function zCowper's Gland - produces semen zProstrate Gland - produces semen zSeminal Vesicle - produces semen zRetractor Penis Muscle – retracts penis zScrotum - protects testes, maintains temp zSheath - opening of reproductive tract zSpermatic cord - supports testes

25. The Estrous Cycle z1. Estrus – period of time when female is receptive to the male and will stand for mating. Also known as “heat.” z2. Metestrus – follows ESTRUS; period when the CORPUS LUTEUM (hormone- secreting growth) forms where the EGG was released from the OVARY. Ovulation usually occurs now.

26. The Estrous Cycle z3. Diestrus – follows METESTRUS; period when the corpus luteum is FUNCTIONAL. Hormones released stimulate preparation of UTERUS for PREGNANCY. z4. Proestrus – follows DIESTRUS; rapid FOLLICLE growth to prepare for next OVULATION.

28. zEstrous CycleEstrous Cycle

30. Average Estrous Cycles zCows 21 days zMares 21 days zSows 21 days zEwes 16 days zInclude this on your table

31. Heat (Estrus) Detection -- zList ways to detect heat in each of the following species: zCow or Heifer – zMare – zEwe – zSow or Gilt –

32. Heat Detection: Ewe zIt is very difficult to detect estrus without using a ram, since there are no outward physical signs or behavioral signs. zVasectomized rams with marking harnesses are often used.

33. Heat Detection: Sow zswollen, red vulva; zincreased activity and restlessness; zactively seeks out boars; zfrequent urination; and zshows the immobility response. (When pressure is applied to the back, the sow or gilt will brace her legs and not move.)

34. Heat Detection: Cow zstands to be mounted by her herdmates when in "true heat"; zswollen vulva showing a thick, clear string of mucus; znervousness, restlessness, vocalizations; and zlack of appetite.

35. Heat Detection: Mare zsquatting with frequent urination and "winking" of the vulva after urination, and raising of the tail; znervousness, irritability, and restlessness, zvocalizations, and zbeing more social by seeking out the stallion.

36. Best time of the year to breed zMare – horses are seasonal polyestrous breeders and mares cycle naturally in the spring and stop cycling in mid- summer. Breed mares on the 2 nd day of estrus and every other day for 2-4 days.

37. zCow or Heifer – cattle will breed throughout the year although most ranchers restrict breeding to 90 days in the fall or spring so that calves will be born together.

38. zEwe – sheep are seasonal polyestrous breeders and breed during the late summer and early fall, in order for lambs to be born in the spring or early summer. zSow or Gilt – hogs are non-seasonal polyestrous breeders and are usually bred to have 2 litters each year. Breed sow on the 1 st day of estrus and 24-30 hours later.

39. zDoe Rabbit – domestic rabbits breed most successfully in the spring and fall.

40. Reproductive Hormones Hormone Origin Destination Function 1.FSH Pituitary Ovaries Grows follicles on ovaries 2.Estrogen Ovary Brain Femininity & mating desire

41. Hormone Origin Destination Function 3. LH Pituitary Follicle/Ovaries Ovulation 4. Progesterone Ovaries Brain Prepares for pregnancy 5. Oxytocin Pituitary Uterus Contractions and milk let-down

42. z6. TestosteroneTestes Brain/Total Body Causes Masculine characteristics

43. Sex Cells zContain HALF the normal number of chromosomes zFemale Reproductive Cell - EGG (OVULE) zMale Reproductive Cell - SPERM ySemen - the fluid that carries sperm

44. zMorphology – physical characteristics of sperm zMotility – movement of sperm zDensity – number of sperm per mL of semen

45. Sperm Abnormalities zNormalzPearzSlenderzMicrocephalic

46. Sperm Abnormalities zMacrochephaliczDouble Headed zAbnormal Acrosome

47. Sperm Abnormalities zOff CenterzCoiled TailzDouble Tail

48. Sperm Abnormalities zBent Tail zDoublezSwollen

49. Sperm Abnormalities zDetached Heads zProtoplasmic Droplet zShoehook Tail zLoose Cap

50. Sperm from Different Species zBullzSheep zChicken zRatzGuinea Pig

51. Reasons for Sterility & Delayed Breeding zPoor Semen zPhysical defects and injuries zPsychological problems zInfection and Disease zPoor management and feeding zInherited abnormalities

52. Best Time for Fertility Checks zJust before breeding season zBy testing at this time you can identify sterile or near sterile bulls at the time they are expected to settle cows. zSoon after breeding season zSemen collected at the end of the breeding season should be evaluated carefully because heavy service temporarily lowers the semen quality in most bulls. Checking fertility at this time, however, saves the cost of keeping an infertile bull

53. Reasons For Infertility zSterility zAge zDeformities zTemperature zCondition zFreemartin zSilent Heat zChronic buller zDisease and Infections

54. Reasons For Poor Conception Rates zImproper timing of insemination zDisease zPoor insemination technique zPoor management zOvulation zPoor Semen

55. 3 Periods of development from pregnancy to birth zZygote: A cell formed by union of egg and sperm zEmbryo: Organism early in stages of development zFetus: Inborn animal in late stages of development.

56. Newborn Calf Embryo Fetus

57. Parturition: The act of giving birth zSigns: Milk develops in udder, abdomen drops, Nesting, restlessness or pacing, Abdomen muscles contract zStage 1: Preparatory Stage (Labor) zStage 2: Delivery of fetus zStage 3: Expulsion of Placenta zStage 4: Period of Rest

58. Dystocia: Difficulty giving birth zCauses: Presentation, oversized fetus, Multiple births, Exhaustion, contractions stop. zSolutions: Call vet or assist yourself.

59. Poultry Reproduction zWatch “Virtual Chicken”

60. What then are the eggs in which we see? zAvian egg- bird eggs. yIt includes the following: xShell xShell membranes xAlbumen xYolk yTogether they protect and nourish.

61. What are the parts of the egg? zFrom Outside to inside: 1.Shell- hard outer surface; calcium 1.Shell has pores to allow loss of CO2, moisture. 2.Shell membranes- there are two one next to the shell, and surrounding albumen, yolk. 1. Known as Inner and Outer Membrane 3.Air Cell- air space between two shell membranes. 4.Albumen- egg white. 5.Yolk- true egg, if fertilized become embryo.

62. Parts of An Egg

63. How long does it take a hen to lay an egg? zOvulation- release of mature yolk from the ovary. zInfundibulum- recieves the yolk, about 15 minutes spent. zYolk moves into magnum 50% of albumen is added. Takes 3 hours. zSpends 1.5 hours in the Isthmus. Shell membranes added.

64. How long does it take a hen to lay an egg? Continued. zSpends the next 21 hours in the Uterus. zRemainder of albumen is added. zShell pigment also happens here. zVagina- the fully formed egg enters cloaca and is hard. z30 minutes after egg is laid process happens again. zTakes about 24 to 25 hours for chickens.

65. Female Poultry Reproduction System

66. How long does it take an egg to hatch? zSpeciesDays to hatching zChicken21 zDuck33-35 zPheasant23-25 zTurkey28 zGeese29-31

67. Development of a Chick

68. What is incubation? zHatchlings are incubated in captivity. zArtificial means of keeping an egg warm until hatching. zDone in an incubator- artificially heated container. zStill-air incubator- air is not circulated. zForce-air incubator- has a fan to circulate air.

69. What are the different methods of incubating eggs? zLzLaying eggs in the incubator and turning them by hand every day. zIzIn vitro- incubating eggs without shell. zTzThe incubator must be kept at a certain temperature range 99 to 103 F.

70. Reproductive Technologies zArtificial Insemination zEmbryo Transfer zEstrus synchronization zCloning

71.  Genetic improvement of livestock  Disease control mechanism  Possible to increase fertility  Decrease breeding expense

72. Genetic Improvement Wide spread availability of genetically superior sires Disease Control Injured studs available More valid stud proofs Reduced danger from studs Cost - relatively cheap

73. Estrus detection must be good Handle and care for semen Record Keeping Time involved - Restraining and inseminating cow Training required to handle semen and breed cow

74. Semen Collection Sexual arousal using Sight, sound, smell, touch Best mount - Live Alternative mount - dummies available for: Stallions Boars Bulls

75. Electro-ejaculation  Useful if male won’t or can’t mount  Get urine often  Poorer quality ejaculate  Used in rams and beef bulls Massage Method  Stimulate by rectal massage  Seminal vesicles  Vas deferens

76. Artificial Vagina Temperature Bull, stallion, ram at 45°C Pressure Friction Lubrication essential

77. Extenders components include: Nutrients: Glucose, fructose Buffer: Neutralize pH Agents to prevent cold shock Antibiotics: Inhibit bacterial growth *Extenders increase volume *Milk, skim-milk, egg yolk is a homemade extender Extend then Freeze!

78. After collected and extended, semen is put into a semen straw. That straw is placed into a Liquid Nitrogen Tank.

79.  Use the procedures recommended by the semen supplier!!!  35°C water for 30 - 60 seconds  Ice water for 3 minutes  Pocket thaw  Be very careful when removing straw from Nitrogen Tank Thawing

80. Time of insemination  Cow - 12 hours after observed in standing heat (AM - PM rule)  Sow - 24 and 36 hours after first seen in estrus  Gilt - 12 and 24 hours after first seen in estrus  Sheep -12 to 18 hours after first seen in estrus  Horses -Every second day beginning on day 3 of heat

81. AI gun with Semen straw or Pipette with syringe Lube Gloves (Arms Length)

82. Begin by restraining the animal. This will protect the animal and the technician during the procedure. STEP 1:

83. The inseminator places their arm into the females rectum, using plenty of lubrication, and removes all feces. This will allow the inseminator to palpate for the cervix more easily. STEP 2: Be sure to use plenty of lubrication. You Can Never Use To Much Lube!!!!!!!!

84. Once the inseminator has located the cervix they will hold it in their hand. Using their free hand the inseminator will obtain the syringe with a plastic sheath (pipette) already prepared with a straw of semen. STEP 3 & 4:

85. Carefully inserting the syringe with semen, being sure not to contaminate it with feces or other contaminates, the inseminator will insert the syringe into the females vagina. They will continue to pass the syringe until they can pass it through to the end of the cervix. STEP 5:

86. Once the end of the cervix is reached, the plunger on the syringe can be depressed allowing the semen to be deposited directly into the uterus of the female. The Sperm will then hopefully reach and fertilize the egg resulting in conception, and eventually a fetus. STEP 6:

87. The procedure in sows is slightly different from that used in Cows and Mares. There is no rectal palpation necessary in sows, only passing a pipette into the vagina. Once passed, a bottle of extended semen is placed at the end of the pipette. No pressure is needed on the bottle, the sows reproductive track will complete the procedure. The bottle of extended semen does need to be protected from the light and temperature changes to protect the sperm. What about Pigs?

88. Factors Effecting Conception Rate  Time of insemination  # of sperm inseminated  Fertility of males  Skill of inseminator