1. Human Reproductive Systems

2. Male Reproductive System
Testes: male gonads
Form male gametes (sperm) in ________________________
Scrotum: sac that holds testes outside of body cavity
Sperm develop optimally ____________________________
____________________________________.
Epididymus: _______________________ to mature

3. Penis: Vas Deferens: Semen: Urethra:
fleshy tube with ____________ allowing to internal fertilization
Vas Deferens:
carries sperm ______________
____________ during ejaculation
Semen:
transport medium for sperm
Made up nutrient fluid to nourish and protect sperm in female reproductive tract
Urethra:
tube where semen exits penis
Shares same structure with _____________________

4. Vasectomy: Testosterone: FSH and LH:
_______________________, preventing sperm from leaving the body
Testosterone:
produced by _____________
plays a role in development of male secondary sex characteristics
FSH and LH:
secreted by ______________
help in growth and development of sperm in testes

5. Female Reproductive System
Ovaries: female gonads
Produce eggs
Secrete _______________
Each contains about 200,000 tiny egg sacs called __________
One egg is released each month during ____________________
Estrogen:
causes development of female secondary sexual characteristics
Breast development, broadened pelvis, distribution of body fat

6. Fallopian Tubes or Oviducts:
near each ovary but not directly connected to it
____________line tube and create current that draws the released egg towards uterus
Where egg is __________________
Uterus:
thick walled muscular organ where a fertilized egg will implant and grow
Cervix:
narrow _____________________
Vagina:
____________________, site where sperm is deposited
Note: Urinary and reproductive tracts are separate in females

7. Menstrual Cycle Basic Steps of Cycle:
Series of hormonally controlled changes that occur to the ovary and uterine lining
Basic Steps of Cycle:
Egg matures and erupts from its follicle entering fallopian tube.
Wall of the uterus has __________________ with a rich supply of blood vessels (endometrial lining) and is prepared to receive a fertilized egg
If egg not fertilized, lining breaks down and passes from the body as menstrual fluid and cycle begins again

8. Stages of Menstrual Cycle
Controlled by _____________________________
Brain (FSH & LH) and ovary (estrogen & progesterone)

9. Follicle Stage (10-14 days)
_____________________ follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) causing follicle in ovary to mature
____________ gets secreted by follicle in ovary as it develops, causing uterine lining to thicken
Ovulation (middle of cycle)
Increased estrogen causes pituitary to lower FSH and begin secreting _______________ (LH)
When this reaches certain level ovulation occurs and __________
________________ releasing egg
Egg must be fertilized in about 24 hours or it dies

10. Corpus Luteum Stage (10-14 days)
Ruptured follicle forms corpus luteum (yellow body) which secretes ______________________
Progesterone maintains the _________________________
Menstruation (3-5 days)
If fertilization doesn’t happen, LH secretion decreases, corpus luteum breaks down and ________________drops
Uterine lining is no longer maintained and ______________ and is released as ____________________
Menopause: the permanent cessation of the menstrual cycle

11. Human Fertilization & Development
Fertilization: (Internal)
ejaculation of _________________________ into vagina
sperm swim through cervix into uterus and into Fallopian tube where fertilization takes place
one sperm breaks through membrane surrounding egg and fuses with egg nucleus forming ___________________
Gestation: the period of development ____________________

12. In Vitro Fertilization
Egg is fertilized with sperm _______________ then placed into uterus several days later where it can implant

13. Embryo Development In Fallopian Tube: In Uterus fertilization occurs
________ and ________ stage is reached
In Uterus
______________ occurs
embryo attaches itself to the lining of uterus
_______________ and
__________________occur
Forms 3 layers from which different tissues develop

14. Ectopic Pregnancy
Sometimes the embryo implants someplace other than uterus (in oviduct or even in the abdomen). This often results in the death of the embryo and or the mother.

15. Multiple Embryos Fraternal Twins: Identical Twins:
fertilization __________________
Identical Twins:
__________________ and splits into two separate embryos
Conjoined Twins: when identical twins don’t separate completely

16. Protecting & Nourishing Embryo
Chorion:
forms small fingerlike projections called _______________ that extend into uterine lining
Placenta:
uterine lining and chorionic villi come together
villi constantly bathed in ______________
exchange of nutrients, oxygen and wastes takes place here
Umbilical Cord:
rope like structure connects developing fetus to placenta
Amnion:
membrane sack surrounding fetus
filled with ___________________
protects fetus from shock

17. Amniocentesis:
testing amniotic fluid for chromosomal and developmental disorders

19. Labor:
uterine muscles _________
opening to cervix gets larger
Eventually amniotic sac bursts open and baby passes through birth canal
Shortly after the ________ or “afterbirth” is expelled
Labor & Birth

20. Nova: The Miracle of Life
Nova: Life’s Greatest Miracle
Excellent for extra credit!!
And both are related to your test!!