2. Nonverbal Communication
Immediacy
Responsiveness
Synchrony
Expresses...
Nonverbal Communication

3. Non verbal……
Most nonverbal communication is unconscious or subconscious
Occurs mostly face-to-face
Three factors in message interpretation:
Verbal Impact, 7 percent
Vocal Impact, 38 percent
Facial Impact, 55 percent

4. Non-Verbal Communication – a definition…
It is the way people: • Reinforce the spoken word • Replace the spoken word using their bodies to make visual signals or their voices to make oral but non-verbal signals

5. Medium – NON VERBAL sign language – gestures
action language – movements
object language – pictures, clothes etc

6. Verbal Communication-7%
Bodily Movements, Gestures-55%
Voice tone-38%

7. Types of Non-verbal Communication
Kinesics
Paralanguage or Para Linguistics
Proxemics
Haptics
Oculesics
Olfactics
Chronemics
Chromatics
Silence
Sign language

8. Kinesics
(the study of body movements, gestures, facial expressions, etc., as a means of communication)
Everything except
the words!

9. Kinesics Defined - the study of posture, movement, gestures,
& facial expression.

10. Kinesics: facial expression
Birdwhistle (1970): the face is capable of conveying 250,000 expressions

13. Body Language (Kinesics)
Body language includes facial expressions, gestures, and posture and stance.
To interpret facial expressions correctly, it is important to take the communication context and culture into account.
People in some cultures rarely show emotion (China); Asians will smile or laugh softly when they are embarrassed.

14. Effective Use of Body language
Mind the body talk
Be careful with the handshake
Establish good Eye contact
Communicate at the level of the person before you
We must be ourselves
Graceful Movements and Confident posture improve the atmosphere at the workplace

15. We categorize kinesics into 5 different kinds.

16. 1. Affect Displays Movements of the face to convey or show emotions
Happy, sad, fear, anger, etc.

17. 2. Emblems Substitutions for words Specific verbal translation
EX: “OK,” “peace,” “be quiet”

18. 3. Illustrators Accompany and literally illustrate the verbal message
EX: Saying, “Let’s go” while motioning with your hands for them to go, it was “this big” while showing how big, making a circular motion while talking about a circle

19. Illustrator Asking, “What time is it?”
At the same time, pointing to your watch.

20. 4. Regulators
Monitor, maintain, or control the speaking of another individual
EX: nodding your head, “keep going,” “speed up”

21. Regulators
Who is sending an “I’m really listening” regulator message? How do you know?

22. 5. Adaptors Satisfy a need & are usually unconscious 3 types:
Self-adaptors
Alter-adaptors
Object-adaptors

23. 5. Adaptors Self-adaptors: satisfy a physical need
EX: scratching your head, pushing your hair out of your face

24. 5. Adaptors Self-adaptors
Alter-adaptors: body movements you make in response to your current interactions
EX: crossing your arms when someone unpleasant approaches

25. 5. Adaptors Self-adaptors Alter-adaptors
Object-adaptors: manipulation of objects; often happen when feeling hostile
EX: clicking pen, chewing pencil

26. Vocal Cues Paralinguistic features - no word sounds & non word
characteristics
of language.
Paralanguage or Para Linguistics ( systematic study of how a speaker verbalizes)

27. Vocal Cues Paralinguistic features
Vocal cues - all the oral aspects of sound
Vocal Cues
except words themselves,
which include...
pitch, rate, inflection,
volume, quality, sounds
& silence, pronunciation,
articulation, & enunciation.

28. Voice
Pitch variation
Those who speak in monotones fail to keep listener’s attention
People in authority or When excited speak in high pitched voice
Speaking Speed
Fluency in language is not the same thing as the speed of speaking
We should present easy parts of message at a brisk pace and difficult, complicated parts at slower pace.
In state of anxiety, urgency we speak fast and when relaxed at a comfortable speed.

29. Pause Pace of speaking is also accompanied by pauses
But pauses have to be at the right moments
A pause can be highly effective in emphasizing the upcoming subject and in gaining listener’s attention
However frequent, arbitrary pauses spoil the speech and distract listener’s attention
Very important for a speaker to carefully monitor pauses

30. Non fluencies
Pauses often inserted with sounds like ah, oh, uh, um, you know, OK, yawning, laughing, chuckling…
Carefully and sparingly used they add fluency to speaker, give them time to breathe/ relax, make listener more alert
Too frequent insertions may irritate listener

31. Volume Variation
Loudness of our voice should be adjusted according to size of audience
Some speakers believe only way to sound convincing is to speak louder
2. Proper word stress
Eg: Have you met my wife before?

32. Proxemics-Space Language (study of distance individuals maintain between each other while interacting and its significance)

34. Proxemics-Space Language
Intimate-Physical contact/touch to 1.5 feet eg with our family members, closest friends and selected people
Personal-18 inches to 4 feet eg normal conversations with close friends, colleagues, associates and visitors
Social-4 to 12 feet. Used mostly for formal purposes
Public-12 feet to as far as we can see and hear

35. Proxemics Defined Territoriality Personal space - bubble of space that
moves with you.

36. Hall’s Distance Categories
Intimate distance
Hall’s Distance Categories
Contact to 18 inches

37. Proxemics:

38. Hall’s Distance Categories
Public distance
12 feet or more
Hall’s Distance Categories

39. Hall’s Distance Categories
Personal distance
18 inches to 4 feet
Hall’s Distance Categories

40. Hall’s Distance Categories
Social distance
4 feet to 12 feet
Hall’s Distance Categories

41. Space (Proxemics)
People in the U.S. tend to need more space than do persons of other cultures. U.S. persons back away when people stand too close. Standing too close is interpreted as being pushy or overbearing; standing too close may also be interpreted as unwelcome sexual advances.

42. U. S. people need more space than do Greeks, Latin Americans, or Arabs
U.S. people need more space than do Greeks, Latin Americans, or Arabs. The Japanese stand even farther away than do U.S. persons.

43. Haptics Refers to communicating through the use of bodily contact
When used properly, touch can create feelings of warmth and trust
When used improperly, touch can betray trust and cause annoyance
Some cultures are very comfortable with bodily contact, others avoid it. Eg
In US touching has a lot to do with hierarchy
In Thailand it is offensive to touch head

44. Touch (Haptics)
Touch, when used properly, may create feelings of warmth and trust; when used improperly, touch may cause annoyance and betray trust.
Hierarchy is a consideration when using touch in the U.S.: people who are older or higher rank may touch those who are younger or of lower rank; equals may touch each other.

45. “Don't Touch” Cultures Japan U.S. and Canada England Scandinavia
Other N. European countries

46. Middle Ground Countries
Australia
France
China
Ireland
India
Middle East countries

47. “Touch” Cultures Latin American countries Italy Greece
Spain and Portugal
Some Asian countries
Russian Federation

48. Location of the Touch Is Important
Appropriate touch in the U.S. is limited to shaking hands in business situations - no hugs or expressions of affection.
In Thailand do not touch the head.
Do not touch Asians on the shoulders or even the back of the worker's chair.
Avoid touching a person with the left hand in the Middle East.

49. Fast, Body Language in the Workplace
Several years ago, when President Carter was mediating peace talks between Egypt and Israel, Anwar Sadat frequently placed his hand on President Carter’s knee. While this subtextual message was intended as a gesture of warm friendship, the subtler message Sadat was conveying to the world was that he was President Carter’s equal.
Fast, Body Language in the Workplace

50. Oculesics Study of eye-contact as a form of non-verbal communication.
Eye contact is the most important cue
Avoiding eye contact considered as insecure, untrustworthy
Direct eye contact may be misinterpreted as hostility, aggressiveness
Lowering eyes in China and Indonesia-sign of respect. They prefer indirect eye contact, prolonged eye contact is seen as sign of bad manners

51. Eye Contact
Eye contacts – shrinking eyes, eye ball movement, broadening of eyes etc.,

52. Eye Expressions

53. Gaze/Eye Contact (Oculesics)
Although people in the U.S. favor direct eye contact, in other cultures, such as the Japanese, the reverse is true; they direct their gaze below the chin. In the Middle East, on the other hand, the eye contact is more intense than U.S. people are comfortable with.
A prolonged gaze or stare in the U.S. is considered rude. In most cultures, men do not stare at women as this may be interpreted as sexually suggestive.

54. Olfactics The study of sense of smell
Someone’s smell can have a positive or negative effect on the oral message

55. Smell (Olfactics)
Although people of the U.S. respond negatively to body odors, Arabs are comfortable with natural body odors.
Other cultures in which smell plays an important role include the Japanese and Samoans.

56. Chronemics the study of the use of time in nonverbal communication.
The way we perceive time, structure our time and react to time is a powerful communication tool, and helps set the stage for the communication process.

57. Time (Chronemics) Attitudes toward time vary from culture to culture.
Countries that follow monochronic time perform only one major activity at a time (U.S., England, Switzerland, Germany).
Countries that follow polychronic time work on several activities simultaneously (Latin America, the Mediterranean, the Arabs).

58. Cultural Differences in Attitudes Toward Time
U.S. persons are very time conscious and value punctuality. Being late for meetings is viewed as rude and insensitive behavior; tardiness also conveys that the person is not well organized.
Germans and Swiss people are even more time conscious; people of Singapore and Hong Kong also value punctuality.
In Algeria, on the other hand, punctuality is not widely regarded. Latin American countries have a manana attitude; people in Arab cultures have a casual attitude toward time.

59. Chromatics Communication of messages through colors
It is a scientific movement which explores the physical properties of colour and the effect of color on humans
The connotations colors have may be positive or negative depending on the culture
In Us common to wear black when mourning, in India people prefer white
In Hong Kong red is used for happiness or luck and traditional bridal dress; in Poland brides wear white
In Asia people like colored shampoos, in US shampoos tend to be light colored

60. Color (Chromatics) Colors have cultural variations in connotations.
Black is the color of mourning in the U.S., but white is worn to funerals by the Japanese.
In the U.S. white is typically worn by brides, while in India red or yellow is worn.
Purple is sometimes associated with royalty, but it is the color of death in Mexico and Brazil.
Red (especially red roses) is associated with romance in some cultures including the U.S.

61. Ricks, Blunders in International Business
United Airlines unknowingly got off on the wrong foot during its initial flights from Hong Kong. To commemorate the occasion, they handed out white carnations to the passengers. When they learned that to many Asians white flowers represent bad luck and even death, they changed to red carnations.
Ricks, Blunders in International Business

62. Color Influences Communication
Yellow cheers
and
elevates moods
Red excites
and
stimulates
Blue comforts
and
soothes
In some
cultures
black suggests
mourning
In some
cultures
white suggests
purity

63. Silence Another important aspect in communication
When we are silent, we are also communicating! What we communicate depends on what kind of silence it is.
Mostly subject of conversation plays major role in this
The more emotionally loaded subject is, the more silence we need
Silence in group conversations are difficult to be handled for lot of people

64. Silence
Although U.S. persons are uncomfortable with silence, people from the Middle East are quite comfortable with silence.
The Japanese also like periods of silence and do not like to be hurried. Such Japanese proverbs as, “Those who know do not speak - those who speak do not know,” emphasize the value of silence over words in that culture.
In Italy, Greece, and Arabian countries, on the other hand, there is very little silence.

65. Sign language Visual Signs
Crossed bones under a skull as a danger signal
Cross over a cigarette as warning against smoking
Lights-green or red at traffic points, railway stations, outside operation theatre of hospital, revolving light on the top of VIP vehicle/ambulance
Audio Signs
Drum beats in jungles in olden times
Alarm signals
Blowing a horn
Buzzer, bells

66. Nonverbal Signals
Vary from culture to culture
Microsoft Photo

67. What does this symbol mean to you?
In the United States it is a symbol for good job
In Germany the number one
In Japan the number five
In Ghana an insult
In Malaysia the thumb is used to point rather than a finger
-Atlantic Committee for the Olympic Games

68. Suspiciousness is indicated by glancing away or touching your nose, eyes, or ears.
Defensiveness is indicated by crossing your arms over your chest, making fisted gestures, or crossing your legs.
Lack of interest or boredom is indicated by glancing repeatedly at your watch or staring at the ceiling or floor or out the window when the person is speaking.
Axtell, Gestures

69. Additional Guidelines for Gesturing in Various Cultures
The “V” for victory gesture, holding two fingers upright, with palm and fingers faced outward, is widely used in the U.S. and many other countries. In England, however, it is a crude connotation when used with the palm in.
Axtell, Gestures

70. An American engineer, sent to Germany by his U. S
An American engineer, sent to Germany by his U.S. company who had purchased a German firm, was working side by side with a German engineer on a piece of equipment. When the American engineer made a suggestion for improving the new machine, the German engineer followed the suggestion and asked his American counterpart whether or not he had done it correctly. The American replied by giving the U.S. American “OK” gesture, making a circle with the thumb and forefinger. The German engineer put down his tools and walked away, refusing further communication with the American engineer. The U.S. American later learned from one of the supervisors the significance of this gesture to a German: “You asshole.”
Axtell, Gestures

71. Interest is demonstrated by leaning forward toward the person with whom you are conversing.
The posture of U.S. persons is casual, including sitting in a relaxed manner and slouching when standing (considered rude in Germany).
Posture when seated varies with the culture; U.S. persons often cross their legs while seated (women at the ankle and men with the ankle on the knee).

72. Most Middle Easterners would consider crossing the leg with the ankle on the knee inappropriate.
Avoid showing the sole of your shoe or pointing your foot at someone in the Arab world.
Follow the lead of the person of the other culture; assume the posture they assume.

73. NONVERBAL POSTULATE Nonverbal gives emotional content
What you say is/is not as important as how you say it
Nonverbal is culturally determined, yet universal
We send multiple nonverbal cues which can result in mixed messages

74. Clothing & Artifacts Objectives - study of human use of
clothing & other artifacts as nonverbal codes.

77. Can you guess?

78. Answer:
Turkey: Homosexual
Commonly: Perfect
Japan: Money

79. Can you guess?

80. Answer: Turkey: obscene gesture No such gesture in English
Brazil: Good luck!

81. Can you guess?

82. Answer: Turkey: You get nothing from me Commonly: Stop, enough
W.Africa: You have 5 fathers!

83. Can you guess?

84. Answer:
Turkey: Right wing political party
Commonly: OK
Japan: Five

86. The knuckle Grinder
Dead fish

87. Handshakes

91. Body Language (Kinesics):

92. Body Language (Kinesics):

93. Body Language (Kinesics):

94. Body Language (Kinesics):

95. Proxemics:

96. Tips of effective use of non verbal communication
Observe and understand the non verbal signals being sent your way on a moment –to moment basis
Use eye contact

97. Understand the cultural nuances of the various forms of non verbal communication.
When there is a contradiction between the verbal and non verbal messages of the persons you are listening to try to assess the situation with the help of non verbal cues.

98. Check context: Don't try to interpret cues isolated from other such cues, from the verbal communication, or from the physical or emotional context.
Look for clusters: This is the nonverbal context itself. See if a resistance accompanies the arms being crossed to eye contact and a flat tone of voice.
Consider past experience: We can more accurately interpret the behavior of people we know. For e.g. Your mother may always hugs when you come home from school and so you learn that this represent happiness in that particular situation.
Practice perception checking: Recognize that you are interpreting observed behavior, not reading a mind, and check out your observation.

99. Get your act together!

100. Bhakti Rasa - in devotion - where we evoked the Devine Creator and find him in the deepest recesses of our being.
Vatsalya Rasa - Love and comfort expression of affection at its most natural, as a child delights in all that is fun.
Raudra Rasa - Beware the ferocity of the Raudra's glare-rest consumes you.
Karun Rasa - Compassion and care, if pain we share.
Vibhatsa Rasa - Disgust - showing a disturbing shift in the mood.
Shringar Rasa - Love, beauty divinity.
Adbhut Rasa - The look of wonder.
Madhur Rasa - For a child there is loveliness in all that he beholds   .
Hasya Rasa - laughter , Bounce with us in fun.