1. The Axial Skeleton

2. Skeletal system includes both:
Axial skeleton
Skull
Auditory ossicles and hyoid bone
Vertebral column
Thoracic cage
Appendicular skeleton
Pectoral and pelvic girdles
Upper and lower limbs

3. Figure 7.1b The Axial Skeleton

4. The skull Consists of the cranium and the bones of the face
The cranium encloses cranial cavity
Facial bones surround and protect the entrances to the respiratory and digestive tracts

5. Facial bones Maxillary bones Mandible Palatine bones Nasal bones Vomer
Inferior nasal conchae
Zygomatic bones
Lacrimal bones
Hyoid

6. Cranial Bones one occipital bone two temporal bones foramen magnum
two parietal bones
one frontal bone
frontal sinuses
two temporal bones
auditory ossicles
one sphenoid
one ethmoid

7. Figure 7.2 Cranial and Facial Subdivisions of the Skull

8. Superficial landmarks include the sutures
Lambdoid
Coronal
Sagittal
Squamous

9. Figure 7.3 The Adult Skull
Figure 7.3a, b

10. Figure 7.3 The Adult Skull – lateral view
Tympanic region
of temporal bone
Figure 7.3c

11. Paranasal Sinuses
Hollow portions of bones surrounding the nasal cavity
Functions of paranasal sinuses:
Lighten the skull
Give resonance and amplification to voice
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12. Figure 7.12 The Mandible and Hyoid Bones
Figure 7.12a

13. The Hyoid Bone
The only bone that does not articulate with another bone
Serves as a moveable base for the tongue
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14. Figure 7.3 The Adult Skull
Figure 7.3d

15. Figure 7.11 The Bones of the Face

16. Figure 7.3 The Adult Skull
Figure 7.3e

17. Figure 7.4 The Sectional Anatomy of the Skull
Lesser wing
Greater wings
Figure 7.4b

18. The Axial Skeleton

19. SECTION 7-3 The Vertebral Column

20. Vertebral column Vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx 7 cervical vertebrae
12 thoracic vertebrae
5 lumbar vertebrae
Sacrum and coccyx are fused vertebrae

21. Spinal curvature Four spinal curves
Primary (accommodation) curves = thoracic and sacral
Appear in fetal development / accommodate the thoracic and abdominal viscera
Secondary (compensation) curves = lumbar and cervical
Appear several month after birth / help shift weight from trunk to lower limbs

22. Figure 7.16 The Vertebral Column
Primary/acommodation curves
Secondary,compensation
curves
Figure 7.16

23. Vertebral anatomy Typically has a body and vertebral arch
Superior and inferior articular processes
Separated by intervertebral discs

24. Figure 7.18 Vertebral Anatomy

25. Structure of a Typical Vertebrae
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

27. Sacrum Protects reproductive, digestive and urinary organs
Articulates with pelvic girdle and fused elements of coccyx

28. Figure 7.22 The Sacrum and Coccyx

29. Thoracic cage Thoracic vertebrae Ribs Sternum
Ribs and sternum forms the rib cage

30. Figure 7.23 The Thoracic Cage
Figure 7.23a

31. Figure 7.23 The Thoracic Cage
Figure 7.23b

32. The ribs Ribs 1-7 are attached to vertebrae (“true ribs”)
8-12 are attached to the cartilage of the 7th rib (“false ribs”)
11-12 are floating ribs

33. Typical rib Has a head, neck, tubercle and a body
Costal groove marks pathway of blood returning to the heart

35. The Sternum consists of
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process

36. Figure 7.23 The Thoracic Cage