1. Introduction to Anatomy
Anatomical Position
Standing erect, with palms and feet facing forward
Is the standard reference point in which all positions, movements, and planes are described

2. Anatomical Terms Worksheet

3. Positions and Directions
Introduction to Anatomy
Positions and Directions
Prone : Lying face down
Supine : Lying face up
Unilateral : Pertaining to one side of the body
Bilateral : Pertaining to both sides of the body

4. Introduction to Anatomy
Anatomical Planes
Fixed lines of reference along which the body is often divided or sectioned to facilitate viewing of its structures
Allow one to obtain a three-dimensional perspective by studying the body from different views
explanation of planes of motion video
pdf file- intro to anatomy

5. Introduction to Anatomy
Anatomical Planes
Sagittal Plan
Sagittal plane
The plane dividing the body into right and left portions
Also anteroposterior
Midsagittal or median are names for the plane dividing the body into equal right and left halves

6. Introduction to Anatomy
Anatomical Planes
Frontal plane
The plane dividing the body into front and back portions
Also called the Coronal plane

7. Introduction to Anatomy
Anatomical Planes
Horizontal plane
The horizontal plane dividing the body into upper and lower portions
Also called the Transverse plane

8. Introduction to Anatomy
Anatomical Axes
An axis is a straight line around which an object rotates. Movement at the joint take place in a plane about an axis. There are three axis of rotation.
THE GENERAL RULE: The axis of rotation is perpendicular to the plane of movement.

9. Rotation of extremities, Axial rotation
Introduction to Anatomy
Relationship Between Planes and Axes
Axis of Rotation
Plane of Motion
Example
Frontal
Sagittal
Flexion, Extension
Longitudinal
(vertical)
Horizontal
(Transverse)
Rotation of extremities, Axial rotation
(Coronal)
Abduction, Adduction

10. Introduction to Anatomy
Describe the following motions in terms of its plane of motion.
Cartwheel
Back somersault
Head spin
Pirouette
Side hops
Split
Front roll
Frontal
Sagittal
Transverse or horizontal

11. Introduction to Anatomy
Describe the following motions in terms of its plane of motion & axis of rotation
Plane Axis
Sagittal frontal
Frontal sagittal
Transverse longitudinal
(Horizontal)
Shoulder flexion/extension
Hip abduction
Head rotation

12. How do we train our bodies?
Introduction to Anatomy
Moving in the three planes of motion
How do we train our bodies?
Consider the following:
•Which planes of motion?
• Think of gym equipment (machines vs free weights)
• Function activities – daily life activities
• Movements in sports

13. Our bodies generally move in more than one plane at a time.
Introduction to Anatomy
Moving in the three planes of motion
Our bodies generally move in more than one plane at a time.
Moving in the 3 planes of motion clips
Which plane of movement is usually neglected in training?
Answer: Transverse (horizontal) Plane

14. Introduction to Anatomy
Assignment:
For each plan of motion list and describe 3 exercises/ warm-ups.
Your description should include what plane(s) it is moving in and which axis (axes) is/are involved.
If you choose a multi-joint exercise you only need to describe one joint during the exercise. (Name that joint in your description)
You can include pictures in your description.

15. Gummy Bear Dissection LAB
Cadaver Bear
Dissecting Tray
Scalpel

16. Terms of Position & Direction
Introduction to Anatomy
Terms of Position & Direction
Superior (cranial) is a term used to describe a place that is toward the upper part of the body. For example the skull is superior to the shoulders. Superior can also be used to mean above.
When the lower part of the body (or below is referred to, the term inferior (caudal) is used. For example, the knees are inferior to the shoulders.

17. Terms of Position & Direction
Introduction to Anatomy
Terms of Position & Direction
Lateral means towards the side of the body or away from the middle imaginary body line (the midline). For example, the humerus is lateral to the sternum
Medial is used to describe the position of a part of the body located towards the midline. For example, coccyx is medial to the carpals.

18. Terms of Position & Direction
Introduction to Anatomy
Terms of Position & Direction
Anterior (ventral) is used to describe the front or towards the front of the body. For example, the sternum is anterior to the vertebrae.
Posterior (dorsal) is used to describe the back of the body. For example, the vertebral column is posterior to the sternum.

19. Introduction to Anatomy
Terms of Position & Direction
Proximal means closer to the center of the body. For example, the shoulder is proximal in relation to the hand.
Distal means away from the center of the body. For example, the hand is distal in relation to the head.
These are only used when discussing limbs

20. Terms of Position & Direction
Introduction to Anatomy
Terms of Position & Direction
Ipsilateral means ‘on the same side’ of a reference point.
Contralateral means ‘on the opposite side’ of a reference point.

21. Terms of Position & Direction
Introduction to Anatomy
Terms of Position & Direction
Superficial refers on the surface or exterior.
Deep refers to internal or inside.
A structure closer to the surface of the body is superficial, while a structure further away from the surface is deep.

22. Terms of Position & Direction
Introduction to Anatomy
Terms of Position & Direction
Activity:
Give an example of the use of the following terms in relation to body parts, bones or muscles:
e.g. “the patella is _________ to the scapula.”
Inferior/Superior : Caudal/Cranial
Proximal/Distal
Medial/Lateral
Posterior/Anterior : Dorsal/Ventral
Superficial/Deep
Ipsilateral/Contralateral

23. Movements Movements of the body video Flexion Extension Hyperextension
Adduction
Abduction
Prontaion
Supination
Retraction
Protraction
Elevation
Depression
Rotation
Circumduction
External Rotation
Internal Rotation
Inversion
Eversion
Dorsiflexion
Plantarflexion
Radial Deviation
Ulnar Deviation
Opposition
Movements of the body video

24. Introduction to Anatomy
Movements
Flexion
Bending a joint or decreasing the angle between two bones
In the Fetal Position we are flexing our joints
Extension
Straightening a joint or increasing the angle between two bones
In the Anatomical Position we are extending our joints
Hyperextension
Excessive extension of the parts at a joint beyond anatomical position.

25. Flexion / Extension / Hyperextension
Introduction to Anatomy
Flexion / Extension / Hyperextension

26. Introduction to Anatomy
Movements
Adduction
Moving a body part towards the midline of the body
Abduction
Moving a body part away from the midline of the body

27. Introduction to Anatomy
Movements
Pronation
Turning the arm or foot downward
(palm or sole of the foot - down)
Prone
Supination
Turning the arm or foot upward
(palm or sole of the foot - up)
Supine
Over-pronation in the ankle

28. Introduction to Anatomy
Movements
Retraction - Moving a part backward
Protraction - Moving a part forward
Elevation - Raising a part
Depression - Lowering a part
(Occurs at the shoulders as well)

29. Introduction to Anatomy
Movements
Rotation
Turning on a single axis
Circumduction
Tri-planar, circular motion at the hip or shoulder
Internal rotation
Rotation of the hip or shoulder toward the midline
External rotation
Rotation of the hip or shoulder away from the midline

30. Introduction to Anatomy
Movements
Lateral Flexion
Side-bending left or right

31. Introduction to Anatomy
Movements of the foot
Inversion
Turning the sole of the foot inward
Eversion
Turning the sole of the foot outward
Dorsiflexion
Ankle movement bringing the foot towards the shin
Plantarflexion
Ankle movement pointing the foot downward

32. Movements of the wrist & thumb
Introduction to Anatomy
Movements of the wrist & thumb
Radial Deviation
Movement of the wrist towards the radius or lateral side.
Ulnar Deviation
Movement of the wrist towards the ulna or medial side.
Opposition
Movement of the thumb across the palm of the hand.

33. Introduction to Anatomy
Additional ROM