1. The American Revolution
Chapter 4

2. Index Section 1: The Colonies fight for their rights.
Section 2: The Revolution Begins
Section 3: The War for Independence
Section 4: The War Changes American Society

3. Bellringer
I worked to unite all Bostonians to oppose British tax polices and helped the Massachusetts assembly organize resistance against Britain by coauthoring a “circular letter”. Who am I?
Benjamin Franklin
Patrick Henry
Thomas Jefferson
Samuel Adams

4. Answer D

5. Bellringer The Stamp Act outraged colonists because
It made sending letters more expensive.
The stamps were printed in England, not in the colonies.
It was the first direct tax on the colonists.
All the land between the new states and the Mississippi River.

6. Answer C

7. Bellringer The group that was MOST hurt by the American Revolution was
Federalists.
Loyalists.
Women.
African American.

8. Answer B

9. Bellringer
As a result of the Treaty of Paris of 1783, The new United States acquired
The area that would later become Alaska.
The area that would later become Oregon and Washington.
Florida.
All the land between the new states and the Mississippi River.

10. Answer D

11. Bellringer
A major weakness of government under the Articles of Confederation was
The lack of a strong central government.
An overzealous judiciary.
A legislature that had so many members that it was difficult to make decisions.
The lack of a process for amending the Articles.

12. Answer A

13. Bellringer
The purpose of the so-called Three-Fifths Compromise was to determine
How senators would be elected to Congress from each state.
How power would be divided between an upper house and a lower house in congress.
How African Americans would be counted for representation in Congress and for taxation.
How power would be shared between the federal government and the states.

14. Answer C

15. Ch 4-1: The Colonies Fight for their Rights
The French and Indian War (A.K.A. The Seven Years War)
Began as a result of struggle between British and French for control in the Colonies.
Fighting began in colonies and later spread to Europe
Allies
French-Huron Indians and later Spain and Delaware Indians.
British- Colonists and later Iroquois Indian Tribes.
George Washington chosen by British to lead forces against French in New England.

16. Ch. 4-1 cont. The Albany Conference
7 colonists were sent to meet with 150 Iroquois leader in Albany, New York to prepare for war with France.
Achievements:
Iroquois remained neutral
Agreed to choose a single British commander
Albany Plan of Union
Created by Benjamin Franklin
Proposed that the colonies united to form a federal government.
Plan was rejected.

17. Ch. 4-1 cont. Turning Point: Treaty of Paris
In 1755 French and Native American forces ambushed the British troops near Fort Duquesne in western Pennsylvania.
Fighting spread to Europe (Seven Years War)
British Navy cuts off French supplies in the Americas.
1759- British defeat the French troops in Quebec.
Fighting continues until 1763.
Treaty of Paris
Ended the War
French kicked out of North America
British takes control New France (Canada) and Louisiana east of the Mississippi River except New Orleans.
Spain gave Florida to British in return for Cuba and Phillipines which the British had seized.
France gave Spain New Orleans and all Louisiana west of Mississippi River.

18. Activity

19. Ch. 4-1 cont. The Colonies Grew Discontented
The Proclamation Act of 1763:
British planned to tax the colonies to pay off debt from French and Indian War.
Pontiac and other Native American tribes attacked forts on the frontier. As a result the British issued the Proclamation Act of 1763.
Drew a line from north to south along the Appalachian Mountains and declared that colonists could not settle west of the line without the British Government’s permission.
Customs Reform
George Grenville issued taxes or custom duties to pay for debt.
Merchants smuggled goods in and out of America to avoid customs duties.
Grenville convinced Parliament to pass a law that sent smugglers to a new vice-admiralty court in Nova Scotia run by naval officers who were unsympathetic to smugglers.
Denied Colonist rights
Trial by jury
Didn’t follow British common law
Right to trial by jury of peers
Right to speed trial.

20. Ch. 4-1 John Hancock was among those tried for smuggling. Sugar Act
Defended by John Adams
Found Guilty
Adams argued that the use of vice-admiralty courts denied colonists their rights as British citizens.
Sugar Act
AKA American Revenue Act of 1764
Changed the tax rates levied on raw sugar and molasses imported from foreign colonists. It also placed new taxes on silk, wine, coffee, pimento and indigo.
Allowed British troops to seize goods without due process.
Samuel Adams along with James Otis wrote a pamphlet that argued the colonists had no representatives in Parliament. “NO TAXATION WITHOUT REPRESENTATION”.
Currency Act of 1764 issued to slow inflation
Banned the use of paper money in the colonies.
Angered colonial farmers and artisans. They used paper money to pay back loans.

21. Ch. 4-1 cont. Stamp Act Crisis
To raise more money to pay for the war, Parliament passed the Stamp Act in 1765.
Stamps were required on most printed materials. The stamp tax was the first direct tax Britain had ever placed on the colonists.
The Quartering Act,
Passed by Parliament in 1765
Forced the colonists to pay more for their own defense by providing places to stay for British troops in the colonies.
By the summer of 1765, mass meetings and demonstrations against the stamp tax took place in the colonies.
Colonist ignored Stamp Act. Colonial merchants signed a nonimportation agreement. The protests led to the Stamp Act being repealed in 1766.
Parliament, in an effort to assert its control over the colonies, passed the Declaratory Act, which gave them the power to make laws for the colonies.

22. Ch. 4-1 cont. The Townshend Acts Townshend Acts.
1767-Introduced by Charles Townshend.
Revenue Act of 1767 placed new customs duties on glass, lead, paper, paint, and tea imported into the colonies.
Writs of assistance
Seize property without following due process.
Letters from a Pennsylvania Farmer
John Dickinson
stressed that only assemblies elected by colonists had the right to tax them.
Protest Townshend Acts.

23. Ch. 4-1 cont. Townshend Acts cont. Virginia Resolves Sons of Liberty
Only the House had the right to tax Virginians.
Dissolved the Virginia House of Burgesses.
House of Burgesses passed non-importation laws.
Sons of Liberty
The Sons of Liberty encouraged colonists to support the boycott of British goods.
Daughters of Liberty
Began creating homespun and stopped drinking tea.
Boston Massacre
On March 5, 1770, British troops fired into a crowd of colonists in Boston.
Crispus Attucks and Michael Johnson were killed.
The British were viewed as tyrants who were killing people standing up for their rights.
In response, Britain repealed the Townshend Acts, leaving only one tax—on tea—to uphold its right to tax the colonies.

24. Ch. 4 Section 2: The Revolution Begins
Massachusetts Defies Britain
Gaspee Affair
Britain sent patrol ships to catch smugglers.
Patrol ship- Gaspee- was ran aground and was seized by colonists.
Suspects were taken to England for trial.
Violation of Trial by Jury of Peers.
Thomas Jefferson wanted colonies to create Committee of Correspondence to communicate about British actions.
Boston Tea Party
British East India Company was going Bankrupt.
Lord North passed the Tea Act of 1773
Made East India’s tea cheaper than smuggled Dutch tea
American merchants feared it was the first step by the British to force them out of business.
December 1773, tea ships from the East India Company arrived in Boston Harbor. Colonists boarded the ship and dumped the tea into the harbor.
Led By Samuel Adams.

25. Ch. 4-2 cont. British Reaction Coercive Acts
These acts were an attempt to stop colonial challenges of British authority.
The Coercive Acts violated several English rights
the right to trial by a jury of one’s peers
the right not to have troops quartered in one’s home.
The Quebec Act gave more territory to Quebec and stated that a governor and council appointed by the king would run Quebec.
This further angered the colonists because if they moved west, they would be living in territory with no elected assembly
The Coercive Acts and the Quebec Act became known as the Intolerable Acts.

26. Ch. 4-2 cont. The Revolution Begins First Continental Congress
Philadelphia -1774
Declaration of Rights and Grievances
Joseph Gallaway introduced a federal government for the colonies similar to the Albany Plan.
loyalty to the king but condemned the Coercive Acts and announced that the colonies were forming a nonimportation association.
The delegates also approved the Continental Association, a plan for every county and town to form committees to enforce a boycott of British goods.
The Revolution Begins
Start of War
In the summer and fall of 1774, the British officials lost control of the colonies as the colonists created provincial congresses and militias raided military depots for ammunition and gunpowder.
The town of Concord created a special unit of minutemen.

27. Ch. 4-2 cont. Loyalist and Patriots Lexington and Concorde
Americans called Loyalists, or Tories, remained loyal to the king and felt British laws should be upheld. The group included government officials, prominent merchants, landowners, and a few farmers. Lived in Georgia, Carolinas and New York.
The Patriots, or Whigs, thought the British were tyrants. Patriots included artisans, farmers, merchants, planters, lawyers, and urban workers. Strong in New England and Virginia.
Lexington and Concorde
On April 18, 1775, British General Gage and his troops set out to seize the militia’s supply depot at Concord. To get there, they had to pass through Lexington.
Patriots Paul Revere and William Dawes were sent to Lexington to warn the people that the British were coming. Dr. Samuel Prescott went on to warn the people of Concord. When the British arrived in Lexington, about 70 minutemen were waiting for them. The British fired at the minutemen, killing 8 and wounding 10.
The British moved on to Concord where they found 400 minutemen waiting for them. The minutemen forced the British to retreat.

28. Ch. 4-2 cont. The Second Continental Congress
Met in Philadelphia to address the issue of defense.
The Congress voted to adopt the militia army around Boston and named it the Continental Army.
On June 15, 1775, Congress appointed George Washington to head the Continental Army.
The Battle at Bunker Hill resulted in turning back two British advances.
The colonial militia only retreated due to a lack of ammunition.
It was a huge boost to American confidence that the untrained colonials could stand up to the feared British army.
The situation reached a stalemate with the British trapped in Boston surrounded by militia.

29. Ch. 4-2 cont. Decision for Independence Olive Branch Petition
July 1775
It stated that the colonies were still loyal to King George III and asked the king to call off the army while a compromise could be made.
At the same time, radicals in Congress had ordered an attack on the British troops in Quebec.
This convinced the British that there was no hope of reconciliation. King George refused to look at the Olive Branch Petition.

30. Ch. 4-2 cont. Fighting Spread
Two Loyalist armies were organized to assist the British troops in Virginia.
One was composed of all white loyalists, the other of enslaved Africans. The Africans were promised freedom if they fought for the Loyalist cause.
Southern planters, fearing they would loose their lands and labor force, wanted the colonies to declare independence.
Patriot troops defeated the British in Norfolk, Virginia; Charles Town, South Carolina; and Boston, Massachusetts.
In December 1775, the king shut down trade with the colonies and ordered the British navy to blockade the coast. The British began recruiting mercenaries from Germany.

31. Ch. 4-2 cont. Common Sense and Independence
In January 1776, the persuasive pamphlet called Common Sense, by Thomas Paine, caused many colonists to call for independence from Britain.
On July 4, 1776, a committee of Patriot leaders approved a document written by Thomas Jefferson that became known as the Declaration of Independence.

32. Chapter 4-3: The War for Independence
The Opposing Sides
British
General House
32,000 men (Redcoats)
Well disciplined, trained and equipped
Continentals
General Washington
230,000-no more than 20,000 at once
Militias from each colony-guerilla warfare
Inexperienced, poorly equipped and paid
Money problems from debt
British Problems
Pop. Not united for war
War expensive
Wanted quick victory
Many European enemies- French, Spanish, Dutch
Americans fight war of attrition

33. 4-3 cont. The Northern Campaign Howes 2 part strategy Opening moves
Capture New York and demoralize colonists
Diplomatic-try to keep peace
Opening moves
Washington defends NY
British captures NY
Brits move to slowly
Crossing the Delaware
Brits move toward Philadelphia
Winter stops fighting
De. 25, 1776 Washington crosses Delaware to Trenton
Attacks Hessians
Princeton, New Jersey Washington scatter British

34. 4-3 cont. Philadelphia Falls France Enters the War
General Burgoyne plans to isolate NE
Gen. Howe goes to Philadelphia
Philly falls- Continental Congress Escapes
Washington goes to Valley Forge
Lafayette helps train soldiers
France Enters the War
Brits unable to defeat Americans in NE
Brits defeated at Saratoga NY
General Benedict Arnold wins, but doesn’t get credit.
Saratoga- turning point
Improved American moral
France commits troops
Spain and France secretly supply Americans
1778 Treaties
France recognizes US
Alliance between US and France
1778- France declares war on Britain
1779- Spain declares war on Britain.

35. 4-3 cont. The War in the West The War at Sea What was the West?
Brits and Indians unite
Americans too strong
Native Americans were real losers.
The War at Sea
British fleet too strong
Attacked British merchant ships
Letter of Marque?
John Paul Jones
Bonhomme Richard
Serapis defeated

36. 4-3 cont. The Southern Campaign British focus on the South (1778)
More loyalists
Tobacco and rice
Fall of Savannah and Charles Town
Cornwallis left in command
The Patriots rally
British use brutal treatment
Southern farmers fight back
Battle of Kings Mtn.- Southern turning point
Nathanial Greene/Francis Marion-guerrilla tactics

37. 4-3 cont. The War is won Cornwallis invades VA Battle of Yorktown
Cornwallis retreats to Yorktown
Washington and Rochambeau race South
French fleet arrives
Cornwallis is cut off and surrenders
Treaty of Paris
Parliament starts negotiations
Franklin, Washington and John Jay
British recognized US as a new country (from Atlantic to Mississippi River)
Spain got Florida Back
France got Caribbean and African colonies back. (taken in 1763)
Nov. 24, all Brit. Troops are gone.

38. Ch. 4-4 The war Changes American Society
New Political Ideas
Republic
New State Constitutions
Written down
Limits governments power over people
Checks and Balance
True democracy: tyranny of the majority
Elected government, Senate and assemblies
Listed Specific rights

39. Ch. 4-4 cont. Cont. Voting Rights Expand Freedom of Religion
Feeling of equality
Reduced requirements to vote
Property requirement decreased
Power of wealthy decreases
Freedom of Religion
Separation of Church and state
Government aid to churches ends.
VA statute for Religious Freedom

40. Ch. 4-4 cont. The War and American Society Women at war
Farm
Nurse
Fight
Molly Pitcher
African Americans
British offer Freedom
State militia’s and Continental Army offer Freedom
5,000 serve in Revolutionary War.
North free slaves
Discrimination
South continues slavery
The Loyalists Flee
Property seized
100,00 left

41. Ch. 4-4 cont. An American culture emerges
American Painters- symbols and patriotic themes leaders
John Trumbull
Chas. Willson Peale
Changes in Education
Sate Universities (UNC in 1795)
Elementary taught American centered themes.
Terms to Know
Republic Emancipation Mary Ludwig Hays
VA Statute for Religious Freedom Tyranny of the Majority
Ecclesiastical Tyranny Judith Sargent Murray