1. Clauses in English Language (Wren & Martin)
Ashutosh Agarwal

2. Agenda What are clauses ? Types of Sentences
Types of Clauses & their properties
Adverb Clauses
Adjective Clauses
Noun Clauses

3. Clause ?
Group of words that forms part of a sentence, has a Subject & a predicate of its own

4. Types of sentences Simple Compound Complex
We need this study to understand the occurrence of clauses in various forms

5. Simple Sentences Simple 1 subject, 1 predicate, only 1 Finite Verb
His courage won him honour.
The finite forms of a verb are the forms where the verb shows tense, person or number.

6. Compound Sentences Types Made up of 2 (or more) independent clauses
(Main) (all of same rank)
Joined by co-ordinating conjunction and
Ram went to Nagpur and Shyam went to Pune
Night came on and rain fell heavily and we all got very wet.
Types
Copulative
Adversative
Alternative
Illative

7. Types of Compound Sentences
Copulative: main clauses are simply coupled together
God made the country and man made the town.
Babar was not only a great soldier, he was also a wise ruler.
He cannot speak, nor can he write.
He plays the piano, he sings also.
The innocent were punished as well as the guilty.

8. Types of Compound Sentences
Adversative: two main clauses are opposed in meaning
He is slow, but he is sure.
I did my best, nevertheless I failed.
He is rich, yet he is not happy.
He is vain, still his friends adore him.

9. Types of Compound Sentences
Alternative or Disjunctive: main clauses are disjoined in meaning
She must weep, or she must die.
Either he is mad, or he feigns madness.
Neither a borrower nor a lender be.
Walk quickly, else you will not overtake him.

10. Types of Compound Sentences
Illative: the second clause draws an inference from the first
He is diligent, therefore he will succeed.
He is unwell, so he cannot attend office.
The angels are equal, consequently the sides are equal.

11. Compound sentences: other stuff
Contracted subject
He chid their warnings, but relieved their pain.
= He chid their warnings, but he relieved their pain.
Contracted verb
Some praise the work and some the architect.
= Some praise the work and some praise the architect
No connecting word may be used
Temperance promotes health, intemperance destroys it.

12. Complex sentences They rested when the night came on.
When night came on cannot be a sentence by itself
Hence lower rank
Called subordinate clause
Complex sentence contains
One main clause
One or more subordinate clauses
Examples
Anil called at 5:30 and I told him that you had gone out
Compound part
Main Clause
Main Clause
Subordinate Clause

13. Three kinds of subordinate clauses
Adverb clause
Adjective clause
Noun clause

14. Adjective Clauses Second sentence contains a subject & a predicate
Play the role of an adjective
The umbrella with a broken handle is mine
The umbrella which has a broken handle is mine
[Which umbrella ?]
Second sentence contains a subject & a predicate
Phrase !!!!
Adverb Clause !!!

15. Special properties of Adjective Clause
Introduced by a relative pronoun or relative adverb
Uneasy lies the head that wears the crown
He is the man whom we all respect
The time when the boat leaves is not yet fixed
The reason why I did it is obvious
Relative pronoun (or adverb) may be missing
Eat all ^ you can (that is understood)
I saw a man ^ I know (whom is understood)
Where’s the book ^ he left me ?

16. Adverb Clause Clause the playing the role of a adverb
E.g., They rested when evening came.
Not a phrase since
Subject=evening &
predicate = (came when)
Though like a sentence but inside a sentence
He fled where his pursuers could not follow.

17. Adverb Clauses Kinds of Adverb Clauses Time Place Purpose Clause
Condition
Result
Comparison
Supposition or Concession

18. Adverb Clauses: Time
Introduced by subordinating conjunctions whenever, while, after, before, since, as
When you have finished your work you may go home.
I will do it when I think fit.
Don’t talk while she is singing.
After the law had been passed this form of crime ceased.
Do it before you forget.
Before you go bring me some water.
There was silence as the leader spoke.
Just as he entered the room the clock struck.

19. Adverb Clause: Place Where, wherever
I have put it where I can find it again.
They can stay where they are.
Where you live I will live.
He led the caravan wherever he wanted to go.

20. Adverb Clause: Purpose
So that, in order that, lest
I will give you a map so that you find the way.
We eat so that we may live.
The UNO was formed in order that countries might discuss world problems.
He was extra polite to his seniors lest something adverse should be written into his records.
Sleep not lest your Lord come in the night.

21. Adverb Clause: Cause/Reason
Because, as, since, that
Because I believe you, I shall help you.
I did it because I wanted to.
Since you are so clever you will be able to explain this.
Since you swear to me, I will employ you.
I am glad that you like it.
He was very pleased that you have passed.
As he was not there, I spoke to his brother.

22. Adverb Clause: Condition (1)
If, whether, unless
If I like it, I shall buy it.
Come, if you wish to.
If it rains we shall stay at home.
You must go whether you hear from him or not.
Whether Ram gives him money or not, he will speak the truth.
Unless you work hard you will fail.

23. Adverb Clauses: Condition(2)
Sometimes subjordinating conjuct. is ommitted
What would you answer did I ask you such a question?
Had I not seen this with my own eyes I would not have believed it.
Sometimes introduced by a relative pronoun (adjec, adverb) without any antecedent
Whatever happens keep calm.
Don’t annoy him whatever you do.
Whatever may be the result, I shall refuse.

24. Adverb Clause: Result/Consequence
That (So or such may precede principal clause)
He is such a good man that all respect him.
So great a fire raged that London was burnt down.
Romans built in such a way that their walls are intact.
He spoke in such a low voice that few could hear him.
Sometimes subordinating conjunction is dropped
He was so weak ^ he could not speak.
I am so deaf ^ I cannot hear thunder.
It was so late ^ I waited no longer.

25. Adverb Clause: Comparison (degree/manner)
1. Adv. Clause of comparison of degree
Than, as (relative adverb)
He is older than he looks.
No one can run faster than Rama.
It is later than I thought.
He is as stupid as he is lazy.
He is not so clever as you think.
Verb of degree of comparison is often understood and not expressed
Nobody knows it better than I. [do]
Few are better leader than he. [is]
You like curry better than I. [like it].

26. Adverb Clause: Comparison (degree/manner)
Adv. Clause of comparison of manner
As (relative adverb)
You many do as you please.
It all ended as I expected.
As you have made your bed so you must lie on it.
As he has lived so will he die.
As the twig is bent the branch will grow.

27. Adverb Clause : Supposition/Concession
Though, although, even if
Though I am poor I am honest.
He set sail though the storm threatened.
I shall be able to get in although I have no ticket.
Although I forbade this you have done it.
Even if it rains I shall come.
I would not do it even if you paid me.
Suppostion: an idea or a statement believed or assumed to be true
Concession: failure to challenge, thus assumed to be true

28. Noun Clauses Play the role of noun I expect to get a prize.
I expect that I shall get a prize.
[Expect what ?]
1st is phrase, 2nd clause
That you have come pleases me

29. Noun clause can be a __ Subject of a verb
That you should say so surprises me.
What he said was true
The object of a transitive verb
- He says that he won’t go.
- Tell me where you live.
The object of a preposition
- Pay careful attention to what I am going to say.

30. Noun clause can be a __ In apposition to a noun or pronoun
Your statement that you found money in the street will not be believed.
You must never forget this, that honesty is the best policy.
Apposition is a grammatical construction in which two elements, normally noun phrases, are placed side by side, with one element serving to define or modify the other.
E.g., my friend Ram, here Ram is an oppostion to my friend

31. Noun clause can be a __
5. The complement of a verb of incomplete predication
My belief is that he will not come.
Her constant prayer was that the child might live.
Life is what we make it.
This is where I live.
My wish is that I may please you.
Incomplete predication: Consider the sentence He looks upset.
You have to supply a word like upset (or tired, sad, happy, cheerful etc.) to make the sense complete. Looks is therefore a verb of incomplete predication.

32. Thank You !

33. Something more …
Apposition is a grammatical construction in which two elements, normally noun phrases, are placed side by side, with one element serving to define or modify the other.
E.g., my friend Ram, here Ram is an oppostion to my friend