1. Organizational Behavior
By : Anubha

2. INDIVIDUAL PROCESSES – 1: PERSONALITY
Meaning; person situation debate; psychological contracts; ability and aptitude
Differences in personality; Heredity, learning, culture as determinants
Personality traits and dimensions: Approaches to understanding the traits
Psychological solving behaviours
Personality traits

3. Personality

4. How to define Personality
Difficult task?
Based on Individual influences – How we behave is based on Who we are?
And Situational influence – In which we operate
Abilities , Skills

5. Personality
The unique and relatively stable pattern of behaviour, thoughts and emotions shown by individual.
Eg Optimistic, confident, friendly….
Ajim Premji Powerful man of the world, pleasant personality, down to earth, integrity, excellence….

6. A person’s general style of interacting with the world
Personality
A person’s general style of interacting with the world
People differ from one another in ways that are relatively consistent over time and place
Keywords: personality

7. Characteristics
When we speak of personality we are referring to each individual unique blend of traits that is relatively stable over a period of time.

8. Personality Definition
Personality Theories and Assessment
Personality
Definition
Sum total of all typical ways of acting, feeling, and thinking that makes a person different from all others

9. WHAT
Personality word is derived from the Latin word persona which means to speak through.
Fred Luthan says – Personality mean how a person affects other and how he understands and views himself as well as the other pattern of inner and outer measurable traits and the person-situation interaction.
Personality represent the “whole person”, includes perception, learning, motivation.
P E R S O N A L I T Y

10. Determinants Biological Factors :
Heredity – from ancestor to descendant
Brain – Right brain and left brain imapct on individual
Physical feature – External appearance
Family and Social Factors :
Influenced by his family and social group
Situational factor :
Personality may often change in different situation
Other factors :
Interest – Having various and different taste makes personality
Character – Primarily means honesty. Esstential to study both situation and individual for analysing behaviour.
P E R S O N A L I T Y

11. Development 1-PSYCHO SEXUAL THEORY (FREUD THEORY)
2-PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY OF ERIC ( ERIKSON THEORY)
3-CHRIS ARGYRIS IMMATURITY ( MATURITY THEORY)
P E R S O N A L I T Y

12. Psychoanalytic Theory
Personality Theories and Assessment
Psychoanalytic Theory
Freud’s theory and views
Original interest in conversion disorder
Three levels of consciousness
Mind is iceberg; conscious, preconscious, and unconscious mind are levels
Repression (Domination) pushes thoughts into unconscious

13. Superego
Moral imperatives Ideals
Ego
Reality principle
Secondary process thinking
Unconscious
Well below surface
of awareness; difficult to retrieve
Conscious
Contact with outside world
Preconscious
Material just beneath surface of awareness Id
Pleasure principle
Primary process thinking

14. Freud: Personality has 3 parts
Superego Id
Ego
Life
and death
instincts
Sexual,
aggressive
urges
The selfish
beast
Libido
The executive
Pleasure
principle
Primary
process
thinking
Ego Ideal
The conscience
Reality

15. 1-PSYCHO SEXUAL THEORY (FREUD THEORY)
This theory is based on notion that man is motivated by an unseen forces that by conscious and rational thought.
It has 3 aspect : ID (pleasure principle), EGO (reality principle), SUPER EGO (societal and personal norm)
There are 4 universal stages of psycho sexual development which are decisive in the formation of personality –
ORAL (first year of life),
ANAL (second to third year focus on libidinal energy shift from mouth to anal region),
PHALLIC (focus on sexual gratification shifts to another erogenous body zone) and
GENITAL (adult hood, interest in the opposite sex)
P E R S O N A L I T Y

16. P E R S O N A L I T Y 2-PSYCHOSOCIAL THEORY OF ERIC ( ERIKSON THEORY)
Erikson criticized on the sexual and biological factors in the developing personality given by freud.
He emphasized more on social factor and gave 8 stages
Infancy – 1st yrs - trust vs mistrust
Early childhood – 2-3 yrs sense of autonomy
Play Age – 4-6 yrs – creative & imaginative abilities dev
School Age – 6-12 yrs – may learn new skills / inferiority
Adolescence – sense of identity
Young Adulthood – 20’s intimacy vs isolation
Adult hood – crises of generatively vs self absorption
Mature hood – sense of wisdom
P E R S O N A L I T Y

17. 3-CHRIS ARGYRIS IMMATURITY ( MATURITY THEORY)
Personality of an individual develops along a continuum from immaturity as an infant to maturity as an adult. Based upon latent characteristics
Identified 7 characteristics
Passive – Active
Dependence – Independence
Free way of behaving – Diverse behaviour
Shallow Interest – Deep Interest
Short perspective – Long perspective
Subordinate position – Superordinate position
Lack of self awareness – Self awareness
P E R S O N A L I T Y

18. Personality Trait theories Five-factor model of personality traits
Personality Theories and Assessment
Personality
Trait theories
Five-factor model of personality traits
Five dimensions measured in personality tests
Neuroticism (anxious, worrisome)
Extraversion (outgoing, social)
Openness (creative, daring)
Agreeableness (selfless, forgiving)
Conscientiousness (reliable, hardworking)

19. 5 dimension of personality
Extraversion – A tendency to seek simulation and to enjoy the company of other people – energetic, enthu, sociable, talkative at one end and sober, reserved, silent, cautious on other
Agreeableness – Tendency to be compassionate (sympatric, feeling) towards others. Good natured, cooperative, trusting, helpful on one end and irritable, suspicious, and uncooperative on other end.

20. Conscientiousness – A tendency to show self discipline, hard working to strive for competencies and achievement. This dimension ranges from well organized, careful, self disciplined, responsible and precise at one end and disorganized, impulsive, careless and undependable at other end.

21. Neuroticism – A tendency to experience unpleasant emotion easily
Neuroticism – A tendency to experience unpleasant emotion easily. Poised, calm, composed at one end to anxious, high strung at other end.
Openness to experience - A tendency to enjoy new experience and new ideas. Imaginative, witty having broad intt at one end and down to earth, simple, narrow intt at other end

22. Intelligence – 3 types
1-Cognitive – The ability to understand completes ideas to adapt effectively to the environment, to learn from experience, to engage in various form of reasoning and to overcome obstacle with careful thought.
Verbal Comprehension, reasoning, word fluency, numerical ability, space visualization, symbolic reasoning… statistician, architect etc
** Making sense out of common sense

23. 2 Practical Intelligence – Adeptness at solving practical problems of every day life. Knowledge about how to get the things done.
Action oriented – Involves Knowing HOW and opposed to knowing THAT.. Athlete can perform well but not able to put in words
Allows individual to achieve goals they personally value
Acquired without direct help from others

24. 3 Emotional Intelligence – A cluster of skills relating to the emotional side life. (Eg. The ability to recognize and regulate our own emotions, ability to recognize and influence others emotion, self motivation , ability to form effective long term relationship with others

25. Human Diversity Personality and culture
Personality Theories and Assessment
Human Diversity
Personality and culture
Personality influenced by culture
Individualistic culture (ie: U.S.) – emphasize individual rights and characteristics
Feeling of pride, superiority
Seek own goals over those of others
More willing to use embarrassment and aggression to prove oneself right
Free time often spent in solitary (lonely)pursuits

26. Human Diversity Personality and culture
Collective cultures (ie: Japan, China, India) – emphasize individual in terms of rights, duties, and expectations as member of a group
Leisure time more often spent with family
Less aggressive in conflict; say things to avoid embarrassment of others
Characterized as having close ties, respectful, and friendly

27. Human Diversity
Personality Theories and Assessment
All personality theories must consider effects of culture
People of different cultures tend to differ in some important ways
There is tremendous variation within cultures
Collective and individualistic traits are found among members of all cultures

28. Consensus b/w Ability and Attitude
Ability – Capacity to do physical and intellectual tasks
Attitude – Capacity to learn the ability to do physical and intellectual tasks.
Aptitude is the ability to learn ability. If u lack on either of them u tend to fail.

29. How personalities differ
Heredity – Genes predetermine an individual physical characteristics. Gender, race, size, appearance, health, energy.
Individual learn and acquire knowledge, ability, value, attitude and learn there own motives. Over a period of time there pattern behaviour become their personality

30. Culture – How individual, social sturcture and culture belief influence one another

31. 16 PF- Jungian Aspect of MBTI Source of energy
Extraverted Characteristics
Act first, think/reflect later
Feel deprived when cutoff from interaction with the outside world
Usually open to and motivated by outside world of people and things
Enjoy wide variety and change in people relationships
Introverted Characteristics
Think/reflect first, then Act
Regularly require an amount of "private time" to recharge batteries
Motivated internally, mind is sometimes so active it is "closed" to outside world
Prefer one-to-one communication and relationships

32. Collecting Information
Sensing Characteristics
Mentally live in the Now, attending to present opportunities
Using common sense and creating practical solutions is automatic-instinctual
Memory recall is rich in detail of facts and past events
Best improvise from past experience
Like clear and concrete information; dislike guessing when facts are "fuzzy"
Intuitive Characteristics
Mentally live in the Future, attending to future possibilities
Using imagination and creating/inventing new possibilities is automatic-instinctual
Memory recall emphasizes patterns, contexts, and connections
Best improvise from theoretical understanding
Comfortable with ambiguous, fuzzy data and with guessing its meaning.

33. Decision Making Thinking Characteristics
Instinctively search for facts and logic in a decision situation.
Naturally notices tasks and work to be accomplished.
Easily able to provide an objective and critical analysis.
Accept conflict as a natural, normal part of relationships with people.
Feeling Characteristics
Instinctively employ personal feelings and impact on people in decision situations
Naturally sensitive to people needs and reactions.
Naturally seek consensus and popular opinions.
Unsettled by conflict; have almost a toxic reaction to disharmony.

34. Understanding the world ESTJ – most manager
Judging Characteristics
Plan many of the details in advance before moving into action.
Focus on task-related action; complete meaningful segments before moving on.
Work best and avoid stress when able to keep ahead of deadlines.
Naturally use targets, dates and standard routines to manage life.
Perceiving Characteristics
Comfortable moving into action without a plan; plan on-the-go.
Like to multitask, have variety, mix work and play.
Naturally tolerant of time pressure; work best close to the deadlines.
Instinctively avoid commitments which interfere with flexibility, freedom and variety

35. Lifestyle approach Type A & B
Type A Personality
The following are the characteristics of the type A personality
Type A’s has got a severe sense of time urgency. They are always running and can hardly relax. If they sat without doing something useful they may end up feeling guilty
Type A’s are over achievers, they usually get themselves involved in many different unrelated activities and perform well in them all.
Type A's biggest problem is stress, they are usually overwhelmed by the amount of tasks they have to do. These tasks are usually a huge list that they planned for themselves.
Type A is usually competitive and has a high challenging spirit.

36. Personality Types Type A’s
are always moving, walking, and eating rapidly;
feel impatient with the rate at which most events take place;
strive to think or do two or more things at once;
cannot cope with leisure time;
are obsessed with numbers, measuring their success in terms of how many or how much of everything they acquire.
Type B’s
never suffer from a sense of time urgency with its accompanying impatience;
feel no need to display or discuss either their achievements or accomplishments;
play for fun and relaxation, rather than to exhibit their superiority at any cost;
can relax without guilt.

37. Type B Personality
Type B personality is almost the opposite of Type A. This type of person is relaxed by nature and has no sense of time urgency
Type Bs have got no problems relaxing or sitting without doing anything
Type Bs may delay the work they have to the last moment and they usually don't get stressed that easily.
Type B could be an achiever too but his lack of sense of time urgency helps him much in not feeling stressed while doing his tasks.

38. Personal Effectiveness
Johari Window
Arena-Blind-Closed-Dark
Known to others and Not known to Self

39. Personality TRAIT
LOCUS OF CONTROL- It is a dimension of personality that explains the degree to which people believe that they , rather than external force determine there lives

40. Authoritarianism –
It is the degree to which a person believes that status and power differences are appropriate in an organisation

41. Dogmatism – It refers to the degree of flexibility or rigidity of a persons views
Machiavellianism – It is a personality attribute that describe the extent to which a person manipulate others for personal gain

42. Risk Propensity – This refers to a person willingness to take risk
Self Esteem- It is the judgment one makes about ones own worth

43. HOME WORK Four Type of Problem Solving Behaviour
Sensation thinker – ST
Intuitive Thinker – IT
Sensation Feelers- SF
Intuitive Feeler - IF