1. CHAPTER 3 - PATHOLOGY The Skeletal System

2. Medical Specialties related to the Skeletal System  Chiropractor (DC)  Holds a Doctor of Chiropractic Degree  Specializes in manipulative treatment and misalignment disorders  Orthopedic Surgeon (MD)  A Medical Doctor  Specializes in bone and joint disorders and diseases  Osteopath (DO)  Uses traditional forms of medicine to diseases and disorders of the bones  Podiatrist (DP, DPM)  Specializes in disorders of the feet

3. Pathology of the Skeletal System

4. Joints  Ankylosis – the loss or absence of mobility in a joint  May be due to disease, injury, or surgery  Ankyl – crooked, bent, or stiff  -osis – abnormal condition or disease  Arthrosclerosis – stiffness of the joints  Arthr/o – joint  -sclerosis – abnormal hardening  Bursitis – inflammation of the bursa  Chondromalacia – abnormal softening of the cartilage

5. Joints  Costochondritis – inflammation of the rib cartilage  cost/o=rib, chondr/o=cartilage, it is=inflammation  Hallux valgus – a bunion  Hallux = big toe, valgus = bent  Hemarthrosis – blood within a joint  Hem = blood, arthr = joint, osis = abnormal condition  Synovitis – inflammation of the synovial membrane

6. Dislocation  Dislocation – also called luxation; the total displacement of a bone from its joint  Subluxation – the partial displacement of a bone from its joint

7. Arthritis  Inflammatory condition of one or more joints  May be called “rheumatism”  Osteoarthritis – “caused by wear and tear”  Most commonly associated with aging  May be called degenerative joint disease  Spondylosis is osteoarthritis of the spine Spondyl = vertebrae; osis = abnormal condition

8. Arthritis  Gouty Arthritis – the ”gout”  Characterized by a buildup of uric acid in the blood stream that crystallizes in the joints  Usually in the joints of the feet and legs  Rheumatoid Arthritis – “RA”  A chronic autoimmune disorder attacking the joints and some organs  Also can affect the young…called juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

9. The Spinal Column  Herniated disk – may be called “slipped” or “ruptured”  Occurs when the intervertebral disk breaks down and puts pressure on the spine  Lumbago – low back pain  Spondylolisthesis – the forward slipping of a lumbar vertebrae  Spina bifida – a congenital defect occuring during pregnancy. The spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord, not protecting it.

10. Curves of the Spine  Lordosis – sway back  Kyphosis – hunch back  Scoliosis – a lateral curve in the spine

11. Bone Pathology  Craniostenosis – malformation of the skull due to premature closure of the skull sutures.  Fibrous dysplasia – a disorder that destroys bone and replaces it with scar tissue  Ostealgia – bone pain  Osteitis – inflammation of the bone  Osteomalacia – abnormal softening of bone  Osteomyelitis – inflammation of the bone marrow  Osteonecrosis – bone death, usually from an affected blood supply

12. Bone Pathology  Paget’s disease – excessive breakdown of bone tissue, replaced by enlarged, abnormal, weakened bone tissue  Periositis – inflammation of the tissue directly surrounding the bone; the periosteum  Rickets – a children’s disease that is caused by a deficiency in vitamin D. Leads to softening of the bones  Short Stature – formerly called “dwarfism”. Bones grow to a shortened length  Talipes – club foot

13. Bone Tumors  Primary bone cancer – rare malignant tumor that originates in a bone.  Secondary bone cancer – cancer that metatastasizes into bone from other organs  Myleoma – cancer of the blood making cells; found in the marrow  Osteochondroma – benign bony projection covered with cartilage

14. Osteoporosis  A marked loss of bone density and an increase in bone porosity, commonly associated with aging  Wrist, back and hip fractures are common

15. Fractures (Fx)  Closed fracture – does not break skin  Open fracture – bone pokes through the skin  Communited Fx – crushed bone  Greenstick Fx – incomplete Fx  Oblique Fx – breaks at an angle across the bone  Spiral Fx – “barber poll”  Stress Fx – overuse injury  Transverse Fx – straight across

16. Fractures  Fat Embolus – fat cells from yellow bone marrow leak into the blood and can be lodged in the blood vessel (embolus)  Crepitation – cracking or popping sounds from joints  Callus – bone “cloud” formation that heals the fracture