1. Defining Sparta and Athens Chapter 4, Section 2

2. Aim  Students will be able to compare and contrast Spartans and Athenians

3. Sparta  Needed more land  Conquered new colonies and neighboring Laconians  Messenia and Laconians- became serfs  Captured people were known as helots  Rigidly organized and tightly controlled  Males spent their childhood learning military discipline

4. Sparta  Males enrolled in the army at the age of 20 and stayed until they were 30.  Women’s role was to be physically fit to carry children  Women had greater freedom of movement and rights  Spartan government was an oligarchy  Ephors- elected each year and were responsible for the education of youth  Council of Elders- composed of two kings and 28 citizens over the age of 60

5. Sparta  Assembly only voted- did not debate  New ideas from the outside world were discouraged  People were not allowed to travel abroad

6. Athens  Was ruled by one king  Became an oligarchy  Aristocrats owned the best land and controlled political life  Faced political turmoil due to economic issues  Poor peasants could not obtain land  Draco- politician- codified the laws, added harsh penalties, included slavery for debtors  Cleisthenes- created a new Council of 500- supervised foreign affairs, oversaw treasury, and proposed the laws that would be voted on by the final authority to pass laws after free and open debate

7. The Challenge of Persia  Greeks spread throughout the Mediterranean- came in conflict with the Persian Empire  Persian Empire controlled Ionian Greek cities  Persians tried to take over  Athens defeated the Persians and forced the Persians back to Asia  Based on today’s marathon race- Athens triumph over Persians

9. Xerxes  Xerexes became the new Persian monarch and planned revenge on Greece  Athenians formed a new military  Xerxes led a massive invasion into Greece- 180,000 troops  Athenians, Spartans, and other Greeks were united to attack the Persians  Greeks only had a force of 7,000  Greeks won

10. Athenian Empire  Defeated the Persians and took control of Greece  Athens expanded its empire abroad while democracy flourished at home  Age of Pericles- saw the height of Athenian power and brilliance

11. The Age of Pericles  Direct democracy- a system of government in which the people participate directly in government decision making through mass meetings  Every male citizen participated in the governing assembly and voted on all major issues  5 th century BCE- assemble consisted of about 43,000 male citizens older than 18.  Assembly met every 10 days.

12. Duties of the Assemble  Passed laws  Elected public officials  Made decisions concerning war and foreign policy  Ten officials directed policy  Ostracism- the process of temporarily banning ambitious politicians from the city by popular vote  A person named by at least 6,000 members was banned for 10 years.

13. Information about Athens  Athens had the largest population of the Greek city-states  Slaves numbered around 100,000

14. Economy and Society  Economy was based on farming and trade  Grew olives and grapes  Raised sheep and goats for wool, milk, and dairy products  Athens imported 50-80% of its grain  Women were able to take part in religious festivals but were otherwise excluded from society