1. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 1 The Sociological Perspective CHANGING SOCIETY part McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5

2. chapter McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. CHAPTER OUTLINE Theories of Collective Behavior Forms of Collective Behavior Communications Technology and Collective Behavior Social Policy and Social Movements: Lesbian and Gay RightsSocial Policy and Social Movements: Lesbian and Gay Rights 22 COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR AND SOCIAL MOVEMENTS

3. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 Theories of Collective Behavior █Emergent-Norm Perspective –Emergent-Norm Perspective: During an episode of collective behavior, a definition of what behavior is appropriate or not emerges from the crowd. –Emergent-norm perspective reflects shared convictions held by members of the group and is enforced through sanctions.

4. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 4 Theories of Collective Behavior █Value-Added Perspective –Value-Added Model: Explains how broad social conditions are transformed in a definite pattern into some form of collective behavior.

5. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 5 Theories of Collective Behavior █Value-Added Perspective –Six Determinants of Collective Behavior: Structural conduciveness Structural strain Generalized belief A precipitating factor Mobilization for Action Exercise of social control

6. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6 Theories of Collective Behavior █Assembling Perspective –Assembling Perspective: Examines how and why people move from different points in space to a common location. Periodic assemblies Non-periodic assemblies

7. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 7 Forms of Collective Behavior █Crowds –Crowds: Temporary groupings of people in close proximity who share a common focus or interest. –Crowds are not totally lacking in structure. –During riots, the emergent-norm perspective suggests that a new social norm is accepted, at least temporarily, that condones looting.

8. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 Forms of Collective Behavior █Disaster Behavior –Disaster: A sudden or disruptive event or set of events that overtaxes a community’s resources so that outside aid is necessary. –Sociologists have made enormous strides in disaster research.

9. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 9 Forms of Collective Behavior █Disaster Behavior –September 11 Disaster Response Typified many of the hallmarks of disaster recovery. –Orderly evacuation –Establishment of emergency operations center –Centralized decision making –Victim recovery and family counseling –Restoration of communications infrastructure

10. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 10 Forms of Collective Behavior █Fads and Fashions –Fads: Temporary patterns of behavior involving large numbers of people. They spring up independently of preceding trends and do not give rise to successors. –Fashions: Pleasurable mass involvements that feature a certain amount of acceptance by society and have a line of historical continuity.

11. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 11 Forms of Collective Behavior █Panics and Crazes –Panic: A fearful arousal or collective flight based on a generalized belief that may or may not be accurate. –Craze: An exciting mass involvement that lasts for a relatively long period of time.

12. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 12 Forms of Collective Behavior █Rumors –Rumor: A piece of information gathered informally that is used to interpret an ambiguous situation.

13. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 13 Forms of Collective Behavior █Publics and Public Opinion –Public: A dispersed group of people, not necessarily in contact with one another, who share interest in an issue. –Public Opinion: Expressions of attitudes on matters of public policy that are communicated to decision makers.

14. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 14 Forms of Collective Behavior █Social Movements –Relative Deprivation The conscious feeling of a negative discrepancy between legitimate expectations and present actualities. In addition to relative deprivation, the following elements must be present before discontent will be channeled into a social movement: –people must feel they have a right to their goals –they must perceive that they cannot attain their goals through conventional means

15. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 15 Forms of Collective Behavior █Social Movements –Resource Mobilization Resource mobilization refers to the ways in which a social movement utilizes resources such as money, political influence, access to the media, and workers. To sustain a social movement, there must be an organizational base and continuity of leadership.

16. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 16 Forms of Collective Behavior █Social Movements –Spillover Effects A social movement can go beyond its expressly articulated goals to influence the larger sector of social movements. Consequently, the “spillover effects” of a particular social movement can persist over time, even in the face of policy defeats and the demise of movement organizations.

17. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 17 Forms of Collective Behavior █Social Movements –Gender of Social Movements In a male-dominated society, women find it more difficult to assume leadership positions in social movement organizations. Women often disproportionately serve as volunteers in organizational movements.

18. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 18 Forms of Collective Behavior █Social Movements –New Social Movements The term new social movements refers to organized collective activities that promote autonomy and self-determination as well as improvements in the quality of life. New social movements generally do not view government as their ally in the struggle for a better society.

19. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 19 Forms of Collective Behavior █ Table 22.1: Contributions to Social Movement Theory Value-added model Structural strains and generalized beliefs help to mobilize people for action. Assembling Gatherings at social events follow predictable patterns perspectiveof social behavior. Relative deprivation Social movements are especially likely to arise when approach rising approach expectations are frustrated. Resource The success of social movements depends on which mobilization resources are available and how effectively they are used. New social Social movements arise when people are motivated movement theory by value issues and social identity questions. ApproachEmphasis

20. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 20 Forms of Collective Behavior Public/public opinion Rumors Panics and crazes Fads Fashions Crowds Disasters Social movements Unorganized, individualized activity Structured, coordinated activity █ Categorizing Collective Behavior

21. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 21 Communications Technology and Collective Behavior █Many of the examples used to illustrate collective behavior reflect the impact of communication technology. █Sociology is only beginning to consider the impact of the latest technology on various forms of collective behavior. █New communication technology can create enclaves of similarly minded people

22. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 22 Social Policy and Social Movements █Lesbian and Gay Rights –The Issue Despite large numbers of lesbians and gay men in the U.S. and around the world, homosexuality continues to function in many societies as a master status that carries a stigma. A social movement for lesbian and gay rights has emerged across the U.S. This movement is putting pressure on policymakers to pass laws establishing and protecting gay and lesbian rights.

23. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 23 Social Policy and Social Movements █Lesbian and Gay Rights –The Setting While many voluntary associations supporting lesbian and gay rights are primarily local in their focus, a growing number of national organizations address gay issues. In the private sector, progress in alleviating discrimination has been uneven.

24. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 24 Social Policy and Social Movements █Lesbian and Gay Rights –Sociological Insights Viewed from a conflict perspective, the dominant ideology encourages antigay prejudice and discrimination by excluding positive images of lesbians and gay men while emphasizing narrow stereotypes. Like all social movements, the movement on behalf of gay and lesbian rights is not unified.

25. McGraw-Hill © 2005 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 25 Social Policy and Social Movements █Lesbian and Gay Rights –Policy Initiatives Beginning in the 1990s, opponents of lesbian and gay rights focused on statewide ballot initiatives as a key tactic. Resistance to lesbian and gay rights has also been evident in the battle over possible legalization of same-sex marriages. A common stereotype has been that lesbian and gay organizations are found only in Western industrialized nations.