1. The Skeletal System Health Sciences Diane A. Young

2. Structure of the Bone A form of connective tissue. Bones have their own system of blood vessels and nerves allowing circulation to occur within the bone.

3. Functions of the Bone Serve as a framework for the body, giving the body structure and support. Protect internal structures – Brain – Spinal cord Act as a storage area for calcium. – Calcium is used in the blood if the diet does not provide enough calcium

4. Functions of the Bones Cont’d Produce blood cells (Hemopoeisis) – Red bone marrow produces blood cells Movement- muscles contract and pull bones to produce movement

5. hemo = blood poiesis = to make Hemopoiesis Red bone marrow produces: red blood cells white blood cells platelets Red blood cells purple: platelets green/gold: WBC

6. Red Marrow Red Blood Cell production In adults: ribs vertebrae ends of humerus, pelvis femur

8. Tissues of Bone Red bone marrow- located in spongy bone and manufactures red blood cells. Cartilage – smooth, rubbery blue-white connective tissue. Acts as a shock absorber between bones. (outer ear and tip of nose) Articular cartilage – covers the surfaces of bones that form joints to make smooth joint movement possible and to protect the bones from rubbing against each other. Meniscus – curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints, such as the knee and the temporomandibular joint of the jaw.

9. Anatomic Landmarks of a Bone Diaphysis – the shaft of a long bone Epiphysis – wide end of a long bone Proximal epiphysis – end nearest the midline of the body Distal epiphysis – end located farthest from the midline Foramen – opening through which blood vessels, nerves and ligaments pass. Process – normal projection on the surface that serves as attachments for muscles and tendons.

11. Types of Bone Long bones (longer than their width) – Humerus – Radius – Ulna – Femur – Tibia – Fibula

12. Types of Bone Cont’d Short bones (length and width are nearly equal) – Wrist and hand – Ankle and feet Flat bones (two layers of bone divided by a narrow span) – Skull – Sternum – Ribs – Shoulder blade

13. Types of Bone Cont’d Irregular bones (do not fit into other three groups) – Face – Spine – Hip

15. Groups of Bones Skeleton is divided into two groups Axial – included 80 bones found in the skull, vertebrae, ribs and sternum Appendicular – 126 bones found in the arms, hands, legs, feet, and pelvis.

16. Axial Skeleton

17. Vertebral Column Cervical Vertebrae (7) Thoracic Vertebrae (12) Lumbar Vertebrae (5) Sacrum Coccyx

18. Thoracic Cage Sternum True Ribs (7) False Ribs (3) Floating Ribs (2)

19. Appendicular Skeleton

20. Humerus

21. Ulna & Radius

22. Hand Bones

24. FEMALE MALE Pelvic Girdle

25. The female pelvis …. · Bones are thinner and lighter · Pelvis is more shallow · Hips are wider · Sacrum is shorter and wider

26. The Lower Limb (Legs) Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges

27. Joints The point where two bones meet Three main groups of joints Immovable joints – cranium (suture joints) Slightly movable joints – vertebral discs, symphisis pubis, sacroiliac joints Freely movable joints – shoulder joint, elbow, wrist, finger joints, knee and ankle joints

28. (Synarthrosis) immovable joints Skull suture pubis symphisis

29. (Amphiarthrosis) Slightly Movable Joint

30. (Diarthroses) Freely movable joints pelvis ligaments femur

31. Ligaments Ligaments connect to bones and hold bones together. Joints are formed where the bones meet.

33. Disorders of the Skeleton Arthritis – inflammation of the joints. Degenerative joint diseases – cause changes in the structure of a joint. Fractures – a break in a bone

34. Types of Fractures Simple fracture – occurs when the bone is broken but the skin is not broken. Compound fracture – occurs when the bone is broken and penetrates the skin. Comminuted fracture – occurs when the bone breaks and there are bone fragments in the tissue. Greenstick fracture – occurs when the bone is bent and splits causing an incomplete break. Most common in children.

37. Repair of Fractures hematoma callus bony callus bone remodeling

38. Bone cells that aid in remodeling Osteoblast – builds new bone Osteocyte – mature bone cell Osteoclast – eats bone

39. Rickets- vitamin D deficiency deficiency Osteomalacia- soft bones, inadequate mineralization in bones, lack of vitamin D Pagets Disease- spotty weakening in the bones, excessive and abnormal bone remodelin Rheumatoid arthritis- autoimmune reaction Diseases of the Skeletal System

40. Osteoporosis- bone reabsorption outpaces bone deposit; bones become lighter and fracture easier Risk Factors: age, gender (more in women) diet poor in Ca ++ and protein abnormal vitamin D receptors smoking

41. Rheumatoid Arthritis

42. Rickets

43. Osteomalacia

44. Osteoporosis 29 40 84 92

46. cartilage calcified cartilage bone epiphyseal plate epiphyseal line Endochondral Ossification 2 o ossification center Fetus: 1 st 2 months AdultChildhood Just before birth

47. 275 bones 12 weeks (6-9 inches long)