1. Grammar and usage (1)

2. That the earth is round is a fact. Mrs Black won’t believe that her son has become a thief. My idea is that we should do it right now. I had no idea that you were her friend. 主语从句 宾语从句 表语从句 同位语从句 I. 名词从句的种类

3. II. Tell the function of the following sentences. a. subject b. object c. predicative d. appositive 1. The fact that Great Britain is made up of three countries is still unknown to many. 2. The question is whether it is worth doing. d c

4. 3. Some people feel that Wales is an ancient fairy land. 4. That he will come is certain. 5. They realize that it is of great value to record and teach them to the younger generation. 6. Why he did it wasn’t quite clear. b b a a

5. We can use the following question words to introduce noun clauses: what, which, who/whom, whose, when, where, why and how. III. Noun Clauses introduced by question words:

6. We use a question word to introduce a noun clause when the clause is a wh-question. The clause can function as the subject, object or predicative of the sentence.

7. 1. Where does a person come from? This will affect their style of speech. = Where a person comes from will affect their style of speech. wh-question subject

8. 2. Why does English have such strange rules? You can begin to see it! =You can begin to see it why English has such strange rules! wh-question object

9. 3. Why is English a language with so many confusing rules? This is the reason. =This is why English is a language with so many confusing rules. wh-question predicative

10. 1. We change the word order in a clause after a question word into that of a statement. 2. We cannot leave out the question words in noun clauses in any cases. Attention:

11. A on Page 28 B on Page 28 IV. Exercises

12. A. 1. O 2. S 3. P 4. O 5. O 6. P B. 1. why 2. what 3. which 4. how/why 5. how 6.who 7. How 8. Which Answers

13. 1. ---Do you remember ____ he came? ---Yes, I do. He came by car. a. how b. when c. that d. if 2. ____ we’ll go camping tomorrow depends on the weather. a. If b. Whether c. That d. Where a b V. Choose the best answer

14. 3. Ask her _____ come with us. a. if she will b. if will she c. whether she d. whether will she 4. ____ we can’t understand is____ he didn’t join us in our discussion. a. That; why b. Which; how c. What; what d. What; why a d

15. 在复合句中作主句的主语。引导词有连 词 that (that 不可省 ), whether; 代词有 who, what,which; 副词 when,where, how, why 等。 如 : 1. That he is a famous singer is known to us. (It is known to us that he is a famous singer.) VI. 主语从句

16. 2. When he will go to America is not yet fixed. (It is not yet fixed when he will go to America.) 3. Whether she’s coming or not doesn’t matter too much. (not if) (It doesn’t matter too much whether she’s coming or not.)

17. 在复合句中作主句的宾语。 引导词有 连词 that (that 常可省略 ), whether, if; 代词有 who, whose,what,which; 副词 when,where, how, why 等。如 : VII. 宾语从句

18. 1. We believe (that) he is honest. 2. I asked if (=whether) they had a cheap suit. 3. Can you tell which dictionary is hers? 4. I really don’t know what he is doing.

19. 在复合句中作主句的表语。引导词有 连词 that (that 不可省 ), whether; 代词 有 who, what, which; 副词 when, where, how, why 等。如 : VIII. 表语从句

20. The problem is that we didn’t get in touch with him. This is how Henry solved the problem. His suggestion is that we (should) finish the work at once. 如果句子的主语是 suggestion, advice. order 等名词时, 后面引导的表语从句 用 should+ 动词原形, should 可省略。

21. 在句中起同位语的作用。 一般放在名 词 fact, news, idea, promise, thought, suggestion 等之后, 用以说明或解释前 面的名词。引导词有连词 that; 少数情 况下也可用连接副词等。如 : IX. 同位语从句

22. 1. The thought that we might success excited us. 2. The idea that they should try a second time is worth considering. 3. The suggestion that the plan (should) be delayed will be discussed tomorrow. 4. You have no idea how worried I was.

23. 名词 suggestion, advice, order 等 词后的同位语从句的谓语动词要 用 should+ 动词原形, should 可省 略。

24. Written exercises for noun clauses

25. X. Homework C1 on page 94

26. Grammar and usage (2) ---Empty subject “It” Grammar and usage (2) ---Empty subject “It”

27. 1. It’s a book. ( 指代 ) 2. It’s eight o’clock. ( 时间 ) 3. It’s cold outside. ( 天气 ) 4. It’s a long way to the museum. ( 距离 ) I.Revision

28. 1. We can use it as an empty subject A. when we use a noun clause as the subject of a sentence. a.(preferable) It is certain that we would not be able to understand Old English today. = (correct) That we would not be able to understand Old English today is certain. II. Empty subject it

29. b. (preferable) It is easy to answer whether English will continue changing in the future. = (correct) Whether English will continue changing in the future is easy to answer. c. (preferable) It depends on the style of writing when we use certain words. = (correct) When we use certain words depends on the style of writing.

30. 1. It + be + adj. ( true, certain, possible, obvious, likely…) that… 2. It + be +noun phrase (no wonder, an honour, a pity,…) that… 3. It+ be + past participle (said, reported, expected, announced…) that… 4. It + seems/appears that…. 5. It doesn’t matter that… It 作形式主语的句型 :

31. a. (preferable) It is hard to master a foreign language. = (correct) To master a foreign language is hard. b. (preferable) It is important to know how to use a computer. = (correct) To know how to use a computer is important. B. when the subject is a to-infinitive.

32. C. when the subject is a v-ing form. a. ( preferable) Smoking is difficult to stop. = (correct) It is difficult to stop smoking. b. (preferable) Travelling to Beijing takes up a lot of my time. = (correct) It takes a lot of my time travelling to Beijing.

33. We usually use the empty subject it with a clause or to-infinitive (preferable), but with the v-ing form we prefer the real subject at the beginning. Tip

34. 2. It can also be used before seem, appear, happen, chance, turn out and prove as the empty subject of a sentence. a.It seems that he speaks two languages. = He seems to speak two languages. b. It happens that my new neighbour comes from my home town. = My new neighbour happens to come from my home town.

35. 3. We can emphasize the subject, object, or adverbial in a sentence by using it +be+ the word/phrase you emphasize+ a clause introduced by that or who. a. It was last night(not any other time) that I read about the history of English. If we do not emphasize anything, the sentence can be: I read about the history of English last night.

36. 1. It is Prof. Li who teaches us English. 强调主语 2. It is English that Prof.Li teaches us. 强调宾语 3. It was in Shanghai that I saw the film. 强调状语 强调句

37. A on Page 31 B on page 31 III. Exercises

38. A. 2. It depends upon what you see and hear to decide what they are. 3. It always puzzles me why my dog barks in certain ways. 4. It won’t be difficult buying a machine like this. Answers

39. B. 2. It is because there are several racial groups living in Singapore that Singapore has four official languages. 3. It is for you that I’ve brought something special from Singapore. 4. It will be something next week that I’ll give it to you.

40. 1. I think it no use arguing with you. 2. I found it interesting to play football. 3. We thought it strange that he did not come. IV. 作形式宾语 当复合宾语中的宾语是不定式 / 动名词 / 宾语从句时 :

41. 1. 乘宇宙飞船去月球是可能的。 It is possible to fly to the moon in a spaceship. 2. 我发现学好英语是很重要的。 I find it very important to learn English well. V. Translation

42. 3. 他似乎已经知道问题的答案。 It seems that he has known the answer to the problem. 4. 他的父母是死在二战中。 It was in the Second World War that his parents died. 5. 我们在哪儿听报告还没定。 It hasn’t been decided where we’ll listen to the report.

43. Homework C2 on page 94