1. History and Use of Biological Classification

2. CLASSIFICATION & TAXONOMY
grouping based on similarities
Taxonomy:
Branch of Biology
The science of classifying/grouping and naming of organisms

3. Aristotle’s Classification Scheme
Greek philosopher who developed first classification system
Divided all organisms into 2 GROUPS:
Non motile (plants)
Motile (animals)
Plants grouped by:
size (small, medium, large)
Animals grouped by:
where they lived (air, water, land)

4. Binomial Nomenclature
A system for naming organisms by structure created by
Carl Linnaeus:
Although Linneaus didn’t realize it, but by classifying organisms by structure, he was also classifying them by evolutionary relationship
Written in Latin
Includes the organisms :
Genus: CAPITALIZED (noun)
means beginning
Species: lowercase (adj.)
Example: Homo (man) sapien (wise/thinking)

5. Scientific & Common Names
Scientific Name:
genus and species name
Iguana iguana
Felis domesticus
Common name:
Organism is commonly called
Not used in the scientific community
Green Iguana
Domestic Cat

6. Linnaeus’ System of Classification
1. Linnaeus’ hierarchical system of classification includes seven levels. They are, from largest to smallest: kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
2. In taxonomic nomenclature, each level is called a taxon (plural: taxa) or taxonomic category.
Family
Genus
Species

7. Dumb
King
Phillip
Came
Over
For
Gooseberry
Soup!

8. Linnaeus’ System of Classification
3. The kingdom is the largest and most inclusive (includes) of the taxonomic categories.
4. Species is the smallest and least inclusive of the taxonomic categories.
5. The more taxonomic categories that two organisms share, the more closely related they are considered to be.
What do the scientific names of each bear tell you about their similarity to each other?
Ailuropoda melanoleuca
Ursus arctos
Ursus maritimus

9. Application of Linnaeus’ Classification System
Organism
Cat
Wolf
Fly
Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Arthropoda
Class
Mammalia
Insecta
Order
Carnivora
Diptera
Family
Felidae
Canidae
Muscidae
Genus
Felis
Canis
Musca
Species
domesticus
lupus
domestica

10. Application of Linnaeus’ Classification Systmem
1. What type of animal is M. domestica?
2. Which two animals listed on the table are most closely related?
3. At what classification level does the evolutionary relationship between cats and wolves diverge (become different)?
Family Level

11. The “New” Evolutionary Classification
Categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent
Not just physical similarities
This new method is called: Evolutionary Classification
Scientists classify organisms based on their Evolutionary Beginnings

12. Evolutionary Classification
1. Darwin’s theories on descent with modification have led to the study of phylogeny, which is the study of evolutionary relationships among organisms.
2. Biologists group organisms into categories that represent lines of evolutionary descent or phylogeny and not just physical similarities.
3. Grouping organisms based on their evolutionary history is called evolutionary classification.

13. Cladograms A diagram that shows evolutionary relationships
Cladograms show derived characteristics
Help scientists understand how one lineage branched from another in the course of evolution

14. Traditional Classification vs. Cladogram
Evolutionary Decent: Class
Physical Similarities
Conical Shells
Appendages
Crustaceans
Gastropoda
Crab Barnacle Limpet
Molten exoskeleton
Segmentation
Free-swimming larvae
TRADITIONAL CLASSIFICATION
CLADOGRAM

15. Evolutionary Classification and Cladograms
1. Cladistic analysis identifies and considers new characteristics that arise as lineages evolve over time.
2. Derived characteristics are those that appear in recent parts of a lineage but not in its older members.
3. When a derived characteristics appears ahead of an organism listed on a cladogram, the organism lacks that derived characteristics.
4. When a derived characteristics appears below, beneath, or before the organism, the organism possesses or has that derived characteristics.

16. CLADOGRAM Mouse Chimp Lizard Pigeon Fish Frog Hagfish Feathers Fur &
Mammary
Glands
Claws
or Nails
Lungs
Jaws

17. Kingdoms Broadest of all taxa Grouped into 3 domains: Bacteria :
Eubacteria
2. Archea:
Archeabacteria
3. Eukarya:
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

18. Characteristics of the 6 Kingdoms
1. Kingdom Eubacteria:
a. all microscopic prokaryotes
b. almost all are unicellular
c. non-motile
d. commonly called bacteria
2. Kingdom Archaebacteria:
a. prokaryotes
b. live in extreme environment

19. 3. Kingdom Protista: a. eukaryotes b. uni and multicellular
c. live in moist environments
d. most are simple, microscopic & mobile
*Examples: paramecium, amoeba, euglena & algae

20. b. Uni and Multicellular c. Consumers that do not move
4. Kingdom Fungi:
a. Eukaryotes
b. Uni and Multicellular
c. Consumers that do not move
d. Decompose dead organisms &/or waste products
*Examples: mushrooms, molds, & mildew

21. 5. Kingdom Plantae: a. stationary, multicelluar eukaryotes
b. Photosynthetic
c. Autotrophs
*(make own food)
*Examples: plants

22. 6. Kingdom Animalia: a. Multicellular
b. Consumers that eat & digest other organisms (heterotrophs)
c. May be herbivores, carnivores & omnivores
*Examples: Animals

23. Complete Classification of Humans
Kingdom: (Animalia)
Phylum: (Chordata)
Dorsal nerve cord-cartilage
Vertebrae
Subphylum: (Vertebrata)
Class: (Mammalia)
5. Order: (Primates)
6. Family: (Hominid)
7. Genus: (Homo)
8. Species: (sapien)