1. CLASSIFICATION Finding Order in Diversity

2. Organism Number Described Estimated number to be Discovered Viruses5,000about 500,000 Bacteria4,000400,000-300 million Fungi70,0001-1.5 million Protozoans40,000100,000-200,000 Algae40,000200,000-10 million Flowering plants250,000300,000-500,000 Roundworms15,000500,000-1 million Mollusks70,000200,000 Crustaceans40,000150,000 Spiders and mites75,000750,000-10 million Insects950,0008-100 million Vertebrates45,00050,000

3. TAXONOMY The classifying of organisms and the assigning of a universally accepted name to each.

4. WHY CLASSIFY? 1. To study the diversity of life, biologists use a classification system to name organisms and group them in a logical manner.

5. WHY CLASSIFY? 2.When taxonomists classify organisms, they organize them into groups based on similarities.

6. WHY CLASSIFY? 3.Classification makes life easier. What are some ways we classify?

7. ASSIGNING SCIENTIFIC NAMES Using common names can be confusing because many organisms may have several different common names. The cougar is also known as the mountain lion, puma or catamount…thus the need for a scientific name. Felis concolor

8. A Swedish botanist named Carolus Linnaeus developed Binomial Nomenclature, a two-word naming system for naming all species on earth. What do botanists study?

9. ASSIGNING SCIENTIFIC NAMES The first part of the scientific name is the genus. This word is always written first and the first letter is capitalized. It appears in italics or is underlined. Homo sapien Ursus arctos

10. ASSIGNING SCIENTIFIC NAMES The second part of the scientific name is the species name. This word is always written second and the first letter is lower-case. It appears in italics or is underlined. Homo sapien Ursus arctos

11. LINNAEUS’S SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION Linnaeus’s hierarchical system of classification includes seven levels. They are, from largest to smallest, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.

12. LINNAEUS’S SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION The Kingdom is the largest and most inclusive (includes) of the taxonomic categories. Species is the smallest and most specific of the taxonomic categories. It includes one

13. LINNAEUS’S SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION The more taxonomic levels that two organisms share, the more closely related they are considered to be.

14. LINNAEUS’S SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION What do the scientific names of the polar, grizzly and panda bears tell you about their similarity to each other? Ursus maritimusUrsus arctosAiluropoda melanoleuca

15. THINKING CRITICALLY OrganismCatWolfFly Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Arthropoda Class Mammalia Insecta Order Carnivora Diptera Family FelidaeCanidaeMuscidae Genus FelisCanisMusca Species F. domesticusC. lupusM. domestica

16. THINKING CRITICALLY 1.What type of animal is Musca domestica? 2.From the table, which 2 animals are most closely related? 3. At what classification level does the evolutionary relationship between cats and wolves diverge (become different)? Animal; insect Cat and Wolf Family Level

17. Human classification: Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Primates Family Hominidae Genus Homo species sapiens

18. EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION Organisms aren’t just grouped based on similarities. These evolutionary relationships or lines of descent are also used in classification. Phylogeny: The study of evolutionary relationships among organisms. -

19. What determines evolutionary relationship? Anatomy and physiology –Common structures imply a common ancestor. Breeding and behavior patterns Geographic distribution DNA and biochemistry DNA comparisons between these plants show almost no difference.

20. EVOLUTIONARY CLASSIFICATION A BC DE F Speciation: formation of two new species from one Clade or lineage TIMETIME

21. CLADOGRAM Fur & Mammary Glands Jaws Lungs Claws or Nails Feathers Hagfish Fish Frog Lizard Pigeon Mouse Chimp

22. VENN DIAGRAMS Venn Diagrams can be used to make models of hierarchical classification schemes. A Venn diagram is shown below: A.A. B.B. C.C. D.

23. Four groups are represented by circular regions Each region represents different taxonomic levels. Regions that overlap, share common members. Regions that do not overlap do not have common members. A. B. C. D.

24. Matching:  Mammals  Animals with backbones  Insects  All animals A. B. C. D. C B D A

25. Dichotomous key: A key that is used to identify different organisms based on physical characteristics. It is made up of sets of two statements that deal with a single characteristic of an organism, such as leaf shape (toothed or smooth edge) or hair (has hair or doesn’t have hair)

27. So how are all living things put into these different groups? All living things are classified based on several features: –Cell type –Number of cells –Cell structures –Mode of nutrition –Motility

28. Remember the 2 Cell Types? Prokaryotic –Small, simple cells without membrane-bound organelles; i.e. bacteria Eukaryotic –Large, complex cells containing many specialized organelles, nucleus; i.e. plants, animals, protists & fungi

29. Domains Largest, most inclusive group –Bacteria: Prokaryotic cells 1 kingdom: Eubacteria –Archaea: Prokaryotic cells 1 kingdom: Archaebacteria –Eukarya: Eukaryotic cells 4 kingdoms: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia

30. Kingdom Eubacteria Unicellular Very strong cell walls (peptidoglycan) Autotrophic or heterotrophic diverse habitat Some motile, other non-motile Ex: streptococcus, Escherichia coli

31. Kingdom Archaebacteria Most live in extreme environments –Most do not use oxygen to respire (anaerobic). –Ancestor to eukaryotes Unicellular Cell walls lack peptidoglycan Can be heterotrophic or autotrophic Some motile, others non- motile Examples: Halophiles, methanogens.

32. Kingdom Protista Most are unicellular, few are multicellular –lacks complex organ systems lives in moist environments diverse metabolism/motility –Animal-Like –Plant-Like (cellulose, chloroplasts) –Fungus-Like Ex: paramecia, euglena, algae, slime molds

33. Kingdom Fungi Saprobes: decomposes matter by absorbing materials Multicellular (mushrooms) or unicellular (yeast) Cell walls (chitin) Non-motile

34. Kingdom Plantae Multicellular Autotrophic: Photosynthetic –Cells contain chloroplasts Immobile Cell walls (cellulose) Ex: grass, rose, moss

35. Multicellular Mobile (at one point during their lifetime) Lack cell walls Diverse habitats Heterotrophic Ex: insects, worms, squirrels, birds Kingdom Animalia

36. Bacteria Protista Animalia Plantae Fungi Eu Pro Multi Uni (Seaweeds) Nutritional types Auto(photo) Hetero(absorb) Hetero(ingest) Evolution and the 6 Kingdoms