1. Chapter 26 Review and Discussion

2. What is this cartoon saying?

3. What is Imperialism? The domination of one country over another politically, economically and culturally

4. Why Were They Successful? Europeans had Europeans had strong economies strong economies well-organized governments well-organized governments powerful armies and navies powerful armies and navies Europeans had superior technology and medical knowledge. Europeans had superior technology and medical knowledge.

5. Social Darwinism “survival of the fittest” “survival of the fittest” Social Darwinists believed Social Darwinists believed Europeans were the fittest people and had obligation to spread western culture, politics and their religion Europeans were the fittest people and had obligation to spread western culture, politics and their religion

6. Imperialism The Causes: The Causes: 1. Industrial Revolution 1. Industrial Revolution 2. Social Darwinism 2. Social Darwinism 3. Missionary Zeal 3. Missionary Zeal 4. Ethnocentrism 4. Ethnocentrism 5. Nationalism 5. Nationalism 6.Naval Refueling Bases 6.Naval Refueling Bases

7. African Resistance The Zulus in southern Africa Built the most powerful and most feared fighters in southern Africa Built the most powerful and most feared fighters in southern Africa Ethiopia King Menelik II modernized his country. preserve its independence.

8. What led to the creation of new states in Africa? Also tell me about kingdom of Zulu? New states New states were founded by African leaders in response to internal conditions, and not by European or other outside pressures. were founded by African leaders in response to internal conditions, and not by European or other outside pressures. Serious droughts created conflict over grazing and farming lands Serious droughts created conflict over grazing and farming lands Shaka Zulu Shaka Zulu Shaka’s military leadership brought neighboring groups under centralized control. Shaka’s military leadership brought neighboring groups under centralized control. Built the most powerful and most feared fighters in southern Africa Built the most powerful and most feared fighters in southern Africa Succeeded in creating a new national identity as well as new kingdom Succeeded in creating a new national identity as well as new kingdom The Zulu in turn fostered the creation of other states—states that were formed in opposition to the power of the Zulu. The Zulu in turn fostered the creation of other states—states that were formed in opposition to the power of the Zulu.

9. What was the nature of European contact with North Africa between 1800 and 1870? Egypt Egypt Napoleon’s occupation caused Napoleon’s occupation caused Egypt to modernize to meet future European threats. Egypt to modernize to meet future European threats. However, over-reliance on cotton exports and too rapid expansion of industry created an Egyptian state indebted to and partly controlled by the British. However, over-reliance on cotton exports and too rapid expansion of industry created an Egyptian state indebted to and partly controlled by the British. Algeria Algeria was initially friendly with France and supplied Napoleon with grain for his Egyptian invasion in 1798. was initially friendly with France and supplied Napoleon with grain for his Egyptian invasion in 1798. French failure to accede to Algerian demands for repayment resulted in the French invasion in 1830 and the occupation of Algeria was completed by 1848. French failure to accede to Algerian demands for repayment resulted in the French invasion in 1830 and the occupation of Algeria was completed by 1848.

10. Eastern slave trade Eastern slave trade Eastern slave trade Slavery still profitable in Africa and strengthened African states. Slavery still profitable in Africa and strengthened African states. African slaves were sold through the well- established North African and Middle Eastern trade African slaves were sold through the well- established North African and Middle Eastern trade Slavery within eastern Africa also remained significant, with 700,000 slaves working on clove plantations. Slavery within eastern Africa also remained significant, with 700,000 slaves working on clove plantations.

11. What was the nature of the “secondary empires” in eastern Africa in the nineteenth century? Eastern empires Eastern empires The effects of the slave trade, agriculture, and ivory exports established new East African empires. The effects of the slave trade, agriculture, and ivory exports established new East African empires. They are referred to as “secondary empires” because of their close trading connection to existing European empires. Created and controlled by Arabs and Africans, these East African empires came into being partly as a result of the suppression of the West African slave trade. They are referred to as “secondary empires” because of their close trading connection to existing European empires. Created and controlled by Arabs and Africans, these East African empires came into being partly as a result of the suppression of the West African slave trade. Eastern slave trade Eastern slave trade Reacting to British pressure, slave traders moved around the Cape of Good Hope into eastern Africa. Although twice as many African slaves were sold through the well-established North African and Middle Eastern trade than exported to the Americas, the numbers were still substantial. Reacting to British pressure, slave traders moved around the Cape of Good Hope into eastern Africa. Although twice as many African slaves were sold through the well-established North African and Middle Eastern trade than exported to the Americas, the numbers were still substantial. Slavery within eastern Africa also remained significant, with 700,000 slaves working on clove plantations. Those agricultural plantations and the ivory trade resulted in the establishment of new and strengthened African states. Slavery within eastern Africa also remained significant, with 700,000 slaves working on clove plantations. Those agricultural plantations and the ivory trade resulted in the establishment of new and strengthened African states.

12. Reaction to the end of the Slave trade British and the Americans British and the Americans were among the first to prevent their citizens from engaging in the importation of slaves were among the first to prevent their citizens from engaging in the importation of slaves Slave revolts and humanitarian reforms led to the end of the slave trade Slave revolts and humanitarian reforms led to the end of the slave trade Spanish and Portugal Spanish and Portugal continued the flow of Africans to the Americas. continued the flow of Africans to the Americas. Africa Africa Suppression began in 1808 and continued until the trade finally ended in 1867. Suppression began in 1808 and continued until the trade finally ended in 1867. West Africans West Africans substituted numerous “legitimate” exports to replace slaves, particularly palm oil (most successful export), gold, and ivory. substituted numerous “legitimate” exports to replace slaves, particularly palm oil (most successful export), gold, and ivory.

13. Britain’s “sphere of influence” “Sun Never Sets on the British Empire”

14. Imperialism in India to 1858

15. British East India Company 1608-1858 Control trade and government Control trade and government by forming alliances with Indian rulers or by asserting direct control with military force. by forming alliances with Indian rulers or by asserting direct control with military force. Sepoys Sepoys Controlled India’s foreign trade using an army of sepoys (Indians trained by the British soldiers) Controlled India’s foreign trade using an army of sepoys (Indians trained by the British soldiers) Transformed the economy Transformed the economy by exporting agricultural production and decreasing industrial output: silk, cotton, sugar by exporting agricultural production and decreasing industrial output: silk, cotton, sugar Social changes Social changes supported and created new customs and “traditions,” which were meant to maintain the social and political hierarchies and thus consolidated British power. supported and created new customs and “traditions,” which were meant to maintain the social and political hierarchies and thus consolidated British power.

16. The Sepoy Rebellion Causes The British East India Company: required sepoys to serve anywhere, including overseas, which violated Hindu religious law Ordered the sepoys to bite off cartridges made of animal fat when loading their rifles, which violated both Hindu and Muslim religious law Effects Led to a massacre of the British The British took terrible revenge, slaughtering thousands of unarmed Indians. 1858 British Empire steps in to control situation and set up colonial government 1858 British Empire steps in to control situation and set up colonial government

17. Method Used to Put Down Sepoy Rebellion Medals Awarded British Soldiers

18. Indian Bodies Left to Rot The British Buried

19. British Colonial Rule Positives: Positives: The British government invested heavily in public projects The British government invested heavily in public projects Steamboats, telegraphs, and railroads expanded at rapid rates, and the economy boomed. Steamboats, telegraphs, and railroads expanded at rapid rates, and the economy boomed.

20. Negative Impact of British Rule Destroyed ancient traditions Destroyed ancient traditions The elite Indian Civil Service (mostly educated British administrators) controlled government administration and the judiciary. The elite Indian Civil Service (mostly educated British administrators) controlled government administration and the judiciary. Little chance for social mobility Little chance for social mobility

21. Indian Nationalism In 1885, nationalist leaders organized the Indian National Congress. In 1885, nationalist leaders organized the Indian National Congress. By the Indian National Congress was seen as primarily for the Hindu of the noble and middle classes. By the Indian National Congress was seen as primarily for the Hindu of the noble and middle classes. Resented by the Muslim and peasant groups Resented by the Muslim and peasant groups It becomes very effective when Mohandas Gandhi becomes is leader in 1921. It becomes very effective when Mohandas Gandhi becomes is leader in 1921.

22. Why was Australia and New Zealand different from other overseas empire? Australia and New Zealand Australia and New Zealand intended as areas of European settlement. intended as areas of European settlement. resembled the former British colonies in North America (Exp: Displacing the indigenous people) resembled the former British colonies in North America (Exp: Displacing the indigenous people) allowed more political freedom and independence than colonies in Africa or India. allowed more political freedom and independence than colonies in Africa or India. In granting Australia and New Zealand more autonomy, Britain hoped to retain the loyalty of these settlers. In granting Australia and New Zealand more autonomy, Britain hoped to retain the loyalty of these settlers.

23. Describe the changes that took place between 1750 and 1850 in the British Overseas Empire? Why was Australia and New Zealand different from other overseas empire? Technological advances and economic changes Technological advances and economic changes in ships and shipping, together with the rise of free trade and the decline of mercantilism, altered the British Empire in fundamental ways. in ships and shipping, together with the rise of free trade and the decline of mercantilism, altered the British Empire in fundamental ways. Goal Goal This new empire building was focused on dominating trade and promoting trade overseas. This new empire building was focused on dominating trade and promoting trade overseas. British Cape Colony in southern Africa served as a base for long-distance trade to India. British Cape Colony in southern Africa served as a base for long-distance trade to India. Australia and New Zealand Australia and New Zealand were different from Britain’s African and Indian colonies in that they were intended as areas of European settlement. were different from Britain’s African and Indian colonies in that they were intended as areas of European settlement. resembled the former British colonies in North America (Exp: Displacing the indigenous people) resembled the former British colonies in North America (Exp: Displacing the indigenous people) As settler colonies, Australia and New Zealand were allowed more political freedom and independence than colonies in Africa or India. In granting Australia and New Zealand more autonomy, Britain hoped to retain the loyalty of these settlers. As settler colonies, Australia and New Zealand were allowed more political freedom and independence than colonies in Africa or India. In granting Australia and New Zealand more autonomy, Britain hoped to retain the loyalty of these settlers.

24. Britain’s labor shortage Need for labor Need for labor Many emancipated workers refused to return to the plantations. Many emancipated workers refused to return to the plantations. Indentured servants Indentured servants Many Africans, Chinese, Indians, and Pacific Islanders were recruited and signed contracts ranging from five to seven years Many Africans, Chinese, Indians, and Pacific Islanders were recruited and signed contracts ranging from five to seven years They came in the hopes of bettering their economic and social status They came in the hopes of bettering their economic and social status Some Africans who were recruited for work on plantations had been rescued from slave ships Some Africans who were recruited for work on plantations had been rescued from slave ships Most indentured laborers came from India Most indentured laborers came from India Crucial to the movement of such large numbers of workers was the development of larger and faster ships. Crucial to the movement of such large numbers of workers was the development of larger and faster ships.