1. BIOMOLECULES

2. What’s the difference??  The study of compounds that contain bonds between carbon atoms  The study of all other compounds Organic ChemistryInorganic Chemistry

3. What is so special about Carbon?  Carbon has valence electrons, allowing it to form bonds with many other elements  Such as: H, N, O, P, S  One carbon atom can bond to another giving it the ability to form CHAINS that are almost unlimited in length  The C-C bonds can be  Single  Double  Triple

4. Stability  How many bonds does a single Carbon atom form to become stable? (hint- HONC 1234)

5. Organic Compounds

6. Questions… 1.A macromolecule is a very __________ molecule. (choose small or large) 2.Which of the following would be classified as organic compounds? H 2 SO 4 CaCl 2 C 12 H 22 O 11 C 3 H 8 3.What are the 4 main groups of organic macromolecules? 4.What is a monomer? 5.2 monomers joined together make a ____. 6.Many monomers bonded together make a _____.

7. Answers… 1.LARGE 2.C 12 H 22 O 11 C 3 H 8 3.Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids, & Proteins 4.Smaller repeating units May be identical or different from one another 5.Dimer 6.Polymer

8. General Structure of Organic Compounds  Many of the organic compounds produced by living things are so large that they are called:  MACROMOLECULES - Giant Molecules  Most macromolecules are formed through a process called  POLYMERIZATION – in which large compounds are built by joining smaller ones together.

9.  Smaller repeating units called monomers which may be idenitical or different from one another.  The large compounds which are formed from the joining of many monomers are called polymers  Two monomers joined together are called a dimer

11. Lipids are not composed of monomers and polymers. Instead, they take different forms which we will discuss… The Exception…

12. Four Types of Biologically Important Organic Macromolecules CarbohydratesLipids Nucleic Acids Proteins Foods in which they are found Bread, Cereal, Pasta, Fruit Oils, Butter, Meat, Dairy Products, Plant Seeds All types of foods derived from living things. Meat, Dairy Products, Beans

13. Forming or Breaking Organic Compounds  2 Major Chemical Processes (metabolic reactions) occur to build up OR break down organic molecules into larger/smaller units  Dehydration Synthesis  Hydrolysis

14. Dehydration Synthesis  A chemical reaction where a large molecule is formed from smaller molecules by taking away a water molecule

15. Hydrolysis  A chemical reaction where a large molecule (polymer) is broken down into smaller molecules (monomer) by adding a water molecule

16. Hydrolysis

17. Questions…  What is a dehydration synthesis reaction?  What is a hydrolysis reaction?  Which reaction is used to build large storage molecules?  Which reaction requires the addition of a water molecule?  When 3 monomers are added together by a hydrolysis reaction, _____________ is formed.

18. Answers…  Combining smaller organic subunits by the removal of water. Involves removing an –H from 1 unit & an –OH from the other to allow the subunits to bond.  Breaking apart larger organic molecules into their subunits by adding water. Involves added back in a –H & -OH so they can exist separately.  Dehydration Synthesis  Hydrolysis  Polymer

19. Carbohydrates – Formula & Function  Function: Provides energy and structure to cells  Formula:  Carbon, Hydrogen & Oxygen  Ratio of 1:2:1  Ex: C ₆H₁₂O₆ - glucose

20. Carbohydrates – Building Blocks  Saccharide = sugar  Monomer = monosaccharide  Ex: glucose  Dimer = disaccharide  Ex: sucrose = glucose + fructose  Polymer = polysaccharide  Ex: starch

21. Common Carbohydrates - Examples  Simple Sugars (monosaccharides)  Glucose, Fructose, Galactose & Ribose  Intermediate Sugars (disaccharides)  Lactose (glucose + galactose)  Sucrose (glucose and fructose)  Complex Sugars (polysaccharides)  Glycogen – animals  Starch – plants  Cellulose – plants

22. glucose galactosefructose C 6 H 12 O 6 o Structural Isomers – same formula, but different structures o Glucose, galactose and fructose are structural isomers. They have the same chemical formula, but their atoms are arranged differently.

23. glucosegalactosefructoseribose C 6 H 12 O 6 C 5 H 10 O 5

24. Sucrose  Disaccharide

25. Lactose  Disaccharide

26. Polysaccharides  Large molecules formed from monosaccharides  Complex Carbohydrates

27. Important!!

28. ANIMALS  Glycogen (the only “animal” polysaccharide)  Made in the liver and stored in the liver && used in the muscles

29. Polysaccharide Animals Energy Storage Highly branched chain Glycogen

30. Lipids – Formula & Function  Function: Store energy, insulate and provide structure.  Formula:  Carbon, Hydrogen and very little Oxygen.  Examples: fats, waxes, oils, steroids & phospholipids

31. 1) Fats - triglyceride that is solid at room temperature; usually from animal sources Examples: butter, shortening, lard 2) Oils- triglyceride that is liquid at room temperature; usually from plant sources Examples: sunflower oil, olive oil, corn oil 3) Waxes - ear wax, beeswax, and the waxy layer on the surface of plant leaves. Protection 4) Steroids - cholesterol; hormones such as testosterone; pigments used in animal vision and in photosynthesis. 5) Phospholipids – important structural component of cell membranes.

32. Lipids – Building Blocks  Not broken down into monomers and polymers  Triglycerides (found in fats & oils)  Glycerol – alcohol  3 fatty acids

33. Steroids Phospholipid Cholesterol

34. Saturated vs Unsaturated  No double bonds between Cs, as many H as possible  Double bonds between Cs, less H SaturatedUnsaturated

35. Proteins – Formula & Building Blocks  Formula:  Nitrogen, Carbon, Hydrogen & Oxygen  Building Blocks:  Monomers = amino acids (20 types)  Dimer = dipeptide  Polymer = polypeptide

38. Protein Structures

39. Proteins - Function  There are many different types of proteins with a wide variety of functions  Controlling the rate of reactions  Regulation of cellular processes  Formation of cellular structures  Transporting substances into/out of cells  Fighting disease

40. Nucleic Acids – Formula & Function  Function: Store and transmit hereditary/genetic information.  ATP (special nucleotide) stores and releases energy  Formula:  Contain Hydrogen, Carbon, Oxygen, Nitrogen & Phosphorous

41. Monomer = Nucleotide  Monomer of nucleic acids  Consists of 3 parts:  5 Carbon Sugar Ribose Deoxyribose  Phosphate Group  Nitrogenous Base

42. Nucleic Acid Polymers  Stores genetic Info  Deoxyribose sugar  Helps create proteins  Ribose sugar DNARNA

43. DNA

44. RNA