1. Space Programs

2. AttentionAttention  Who won the space race?  What is or was the finish line for the space race Chapter 7, Lesson 2

3. Motivation  Manned space programs of the past and of the future require the best of the best  Pilots  Military  Scientists

4. Chapter 8, Lesson 1 Lesson Objectives  Describe how the Cold War led to a race in space  Identify the first satellite to orbit the earth  Identify the three early US manned space programs and the purpose of each  Identify three early Soviet manned space programs and the significant accomplishment of each  Define launch system terms  Identify the role of each space shuttle crew positions  Define the purpose of the international space station

5. Vocabulary  Sub-Orbital Flight  Orbital Flight  Cosmonaut  Module  Missile  Launch Vehicle  Expendable launch vehicle  Reusable launch vehicle

6. How the Cold War Led to a Race in Space  After World War II, differences between the United States and the Soviet Union became clear  The two countries entered a long period known as the Cold War  The two countries faced off in a global power struggle—American democracy versus Soviet totalitarianism  The same rockets that would deliver bomb in the arms race are the same rockets that would deliver payload to space  Therefore the space race was a crucial arena of competition in the Cold War

7.  The period 1957–1958 had been set as the International Geophysical Year.  The United States and the Soviet Union pledged to work together to send satellites into space.  At the conference, the Soviets hinted that their satellite wasn’t just on schedule— it was ahead of schedule. Chapter 7, Lesson 2 How the Space Race Started How the Space Race Started

8.  At the end of a six-day scientific conference, the Soviet Embassy in Washington, D.C., gave a reception for space scientists from many countries.  They soon found out how far ahead of schedule they were with their satellite.  During the party, a New York Times reporter got a phone call from his boss. Big news: TASS, the Soviet news agency, had just announced the launch of Sputnik. Chapter 7, Lesson 2 How the Space Race Started How the Space Race Started

9. Chapter 7, Lesson 2 How the Space Race Started How the Space Race Started  On Friday, 4 October 1957, the Soviets launched Sputnik 1  Sputnik 1 was the first Earth- orbiting artificial satellite Courtesy of NASA Sputnik 1

10. Chapter 7, Lesson 2 The Significance of Sputnik The Significance of Sputnik  Sputnik 1 spent only three months in orbit  It weighed less than 200 pounds.  But it greatly worried Americans  Then on 3 November 1957, the Soviets launched Sputnik 2  It had a dog named Laika aboard.  This satellite weighed 1,120 pounds.

11. Chapter 7, Lesson 2 Vanguard Vanguard  Americans swung into action. Congress held hearings to find out why the United States had fallen so far behind the Soviets.  American scientists scrambled to get a Vanguard satellite into space.  They sent the first one up on 5 February 1958.  But four miles up, the launch vehicle exploded.

12. Chapter 7, Lesson 2 The Significance of Explorer The Significance of Explorer  Then Wernher von Braun entered the picture  He had a plan for something called Project Explorer  On 31 January 1958 a Juno 1 booster carrying Explorer 1 lifted off from Cape Canaveral, Florida  The United States hadn’t been first off the mark  But it was still in the space race Courtesy of NASA

13. Chapter 7, Lesson 2 Winning the Space Race  For many Americans, winning the space race was a matter of national security  The decade of the 1960s would determine whether the agency Congress created was up to the task Courtesy of NASA

14. Chapter 8, Lesson 1 Lesson Objectives  Describe how the Cold War led to a race in space  Identify the first satellite to orbit the earth  Identify the three early US manned space programs and the purpose of each  Identify three early Soviet manned space programs and the significant accomplishment of each  Define launch system terms  Identify the role of each space shuttle crew positions  Define the purpose of the international space station

15. Chapter 8, Lesson 1 The US Initial Space Programs  In 1958 the United States created the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)  Also in 1958 the United States launched its first unmanned spacecraft, Explorer I  Between 1961 and 1972 the United States worked on three projects  Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo Programs

16. Chapter 8, Lesson 1 Project Mercury  The first of the US manned programs was Project Mercury  The purpose of Project Mercury was to prove that a man could be sent into space and that he could orbit Earth

17. Chapter 8, Lesson 1 Project Mercury Courtesy of NASA NASA began selecting the Mercury crews in January 1959. There were 508 candidates. All were test pilots. The candidates went through physical, psychological, and intelligence exams. On 9 April 1959 NASA introduced the “Mercury Seven” to the public. NASA picked seven astronauts for the job (the “Mercury Seven”): Scott Carpenter, Gordon Cooper, John Glenn, Virgil Grissom, Walter Schirra, Alan Shepard, and Donald Slayton

18. Chapter 8, Lesson 1 Project Mercury  Shepard piloted the first voyage of the Mercury project on 5 May 1961. He spent 15 minutes in suborbital flight.  A suborbital flight is one that makes less than one revolution around Earth.  On 20 February 1962 Glenn made the first orbital flight—a full revolution around Earth.  On 15 May 1963 Cooper made Project Mercury’s sixth and final flight. He orbited Earth 22 times in 34 hours.

19. Chapter 8, Lesson 1 Project Gemini  Project Gemini’s main goal was to keep a man in space for two weeks  Two other goals were to dock with another vehicle in space and to reenter Earth’s atmosphere smoothly  In 1965 and 1966 the project made 10 successful launches  On the second Gemini mission, Ed White made the first space walk by an American

20.  Gemini VI, 4-18 December, 1965  First space rendezvous accomplished with Gemini VII, for over five hours at distances from 0.3 to 90 m  Gemini VII, 16-17 March, 1966  Accomplished first docking with another space vehicle, an unmanned Agena stage.  While docked, a Gemini spacecraft thruster malfunction caused near-fatal tumbling of the craft  Armstrong was able to overcome; the crew effected the first emergency landing of a manned U.S. space mission Project Gemini

21. Chapter 8, Lesson 1 NASA’s Next Stop: The Moon NASA’s Next Stop: The Moon  Projects Mercury and Gemini showed the world that NASA could send men into space  NASA now knew how to design spacecraft that could orbit Earth and dock in space  Next stop: the moon Courtesy of NASA

22. Chapter 8, Lesson 1 The First Moon Mission  Project Apollo’s purpose was to land a man on the moon  That memorable event occurred on 20 July 1969 during Apollo 11  Armstrong was the first man to step on the moon—as he did so, he said: “That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind” Courtesy of NASA

23. Chapter 8, Lesson 1 Subsequent Moon Missions  Six Apollo missions followed Apollo 11  Five of them reached the moon: Apollo 12, 14, 15, 16, and 17  In the final moon mission, Apollo 17, one of the team members was the first scientist to land on the moon Courtesy of NASA Apollo 16

24. Chapter 8, Lesson 1 Project Apollo  Two other Apollo missions were notable for different reasons.  On 27 January 1967 Apollo 1 ended in tragedy during a preflight test.  The launch pad caught fire, and all three astronauts on board died.  In April 1970 the mission of Apollo 13 was cut short because of an explosion on board.  The spacecraft made it safely home because of quick thinking by the astronauts and NASA scientists at mission-control headquarters. Courtesy of NASA

25. Chapter 8, Lesson 1 The Apollo 13 Mission  On 11 April 1970 Apollo 13 took off for the moon  On board were James Lovell, John Swigert, and Fred Haise  About 55 hours into the mission, one of Apollo 13’s oxygen tanks blew up  The goal now was to get the crew back to Earth as soon as possible—and alive  Despite all the obstacles, Apollo 13 landed safely on 17 April

26. Chapter 8, Lesson 1 Lesson Objectives  Describe how the Cold War led to a race in space  Identify the first satellite to orbit the earth  Identify the three early US manned space programs and the purpose of each  Identify three early Soviet manned space programs and the significant accomplishment of each  Define launch system terms  Identify the role of each space shuttle crew positions  Define the purpose of the international space station

27. Chapter 8, Lesson 1 The Soviet Vostok, Voskhod, and Soyuz Programs  The satellites in the Sputnik program were unmanned  In 1961 the Soviet Union introduced the first of its manned space programs: Vostok  Two others followed: Voskhod and Soyuz  All three programs marked milestones in space travel

28. Chapter 8, Lesson 1 Vostok Program  During the early years the Soviet space program was slightly ahead of the US program.  Just as the Soviet Union launched its unmanned Sputnik 1 before the United States got into space, the Soviets sent a man into space before the Americans did.  On 12 April 1961 Yuri Gagarin, flying solo, became the first man in space. He was a cosmonaut, a Soviet or Russian astronaut. He flew on Vostok 1.  The Soviet Union was also the first country to send a woman into space. In June 1963 Valentina Tereshkova made 48 orbits around Earth in Vostok 6

29. Chapter 8, Lesson 1 The Soviet Voskhod Program  The Soviet Voskhod missions carried three cosmonauts each.  Voskhod 1 launched in 1964.  Voskhod 2 rocketed into space in March 1965.  On 18 March 1965 cosmonaut Alexei Leonov became the first man to take a space walk.

30. Chapter 8, Lesson 1 The Soviet Vostok, Voskhod, and Soyuz Programs  Like the astronauts on the Gemini missions, the Soviet Soyuz mission crews practiced docking in space.  Docking required spacecraft with more than one module. A module is a unit of a spacecraft.  The Soviet Union built a spacecraft with three modules. One module was for takeoff. The second was for performing scientific tests in space. The third was for returning to Earth.  The cosmonauts dumped the first two modules into space when they were ready to head home.  But in January 1969 Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5 docked in space. The crews practiced moving from one spacecraft to the other.  The Soviet Union next turned its attention to building a space station.

31. Chapter 8, Lesson 1 Lesson Objectives  Describe how the Cold War led to a race in space  Identify the first satellite to orbit the earth  Identify the three early US manned space programs and the purpose of each  Identify three early Soviet manned space programs and the significant accomplishment of each  Define launch system terms  Identify the role of each space shuttle crew positions  Define the purpose of the international space station

32. Chapter 8, Lesson 1 Lesson Objectives  Identify the three early US manned space programs and the purpose of each  Identify three early Soviet manned space programs and the significant accomplishment of each  Define launch system terms  Identify the role of each space shuttle crew positions  Identify and describe the significance of six key space shuttle missions  Identify four types of US satellites  Define the purpose of the international space station

33. Chapter 8, Lesson 1 Key Steps in Development of Launch Systems  To understand the launch system development you need to know some basic terms  A rocket shoots into the air when fuel burns and releases gases that propel it  A rocket tipped with a bomb is called a missile  A rocket tipped with a mission capsule is called a launch vehicle

34. Chapter 8, Lesson 1 Key US Launch Vehicles  The US and the Soviet space programs used the same models of rockets as their military programs did.  The US Air Force used Atlas rockets as ballistic missiles until 1965. Atlas rockets under NASA control shot the early Mercury spacecraft into orbit.  The Air Force tipped its Titan II rockets with nuclear warheads beginning in 1964. NASA later tipped its Titan II rockets with Gemini capsules for manned orbital flight.  The United States had developed another type of rocket booster, Thor, in the 1950s. The first Thor boosters were designed as medium-range ballistic missiles to be fired from bases in Europe.  This program served peaceful purposes as well. Thor rockets, renamed Thor-Delta or Delta rockets, launched unmanned spacecraft.

35. Chapter 8, Lesson 1 Key Soviet Launch Vehicles  The Soviet space program borrowed the R-7 intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) from its military  The Soviets tipped their R-7s with their Vostok, Voskhod, and Soyuz manned capsules, called upper stages  An updated version of the R-7 launches manned Soyuz flights into space to this day

36. Chapter 8, Lesson 1 Expendable and Reusable Launch Vehicles Expendable and Reusable Launch Vehicles  There are two types of launch vehicles: expendable and reusable  An expendable launch vehicle is used just once  A reusable launch vehicle can be used again and again  Space Shuttle only US reusable launch vehicle Space Shuttle Atlantis Courtesy of NASA Taken from wikipedia.com Atlas

37.  The reusable US space shuttles launch with two solid rocket boosters and an external fuel tank. The rocket boosters can be reused, but the fuel tanks cannot.  Some 32 miles up, the boosters separate and deploy parachutes. They land in the ocean, and ships pick them up.  The fuel tank continues pushing the spacecraft into orbit. When the fuel is used up, the tank releases and disintegrates.  Engines on the shuttle steer the ship in space and upon reentry into the Earth’s atmosphere. Key US Launch Vehicles

38. Chapter 8, Lesson 1 Lesson Objectives  Identify the three early US manned space programs and the purpose of each  Identify three early Soviet manned space programs and the significant accomplishment of each  Define launch system terms  Identify the role of each space shuttle crew positions  Define the purpose of the international space station

39. Chapter 8, Lesson 1 Crew Positions on Space Shuttles  A space shuttle crew has four positions:  The commander is in charge of the mission  The pilot helps the commander with flying the shuttle as well as with launching or retrieving satellites.  Mission specialists aid the commander and pilot with technical aspects of running the shuttle  Payload specialists conduct scientific research

40. Chapter 8, Lesson 1 US Space Shuttle Program  It began operations in 1982 and was retired from service in 2012 after 134 launches.  Major missions have included launching numerous satellites and interplanetary probes, conducting space science experiments, and servicing and construction of space stations.  The Shuttle has been used for orbital space missions by NASA, the U.S. Department of Defense, the European Space Agency, and Germany.  There have been six shuttles: Enterprise, Columbia, Challenger, Discovery, Atlantis, and Endeavour

41. Chapter 8, Lesson 1 Key Space Shuttle Missions Key Space Shuttle Missions  NASA began its shuttle missions cautiously  The Enterprise flew only test flights  Columbia was the first shuttle to launch into space  Even so, its first four missions were also test flights Courtesy of NASA

42. Chapter 8, Lesson 1 Key Space Shuttle Missions Key Space Shuttle Missions  Columbia’s first missions dubbed STS-1 through STS-4 studied the impact of reentry on the vehicle and its shields.  STS stands for “Space Transportation System.”  When STS-5 was ready in November 1982, Columbia was set for a full-fledged mission. The crew released two satellites into orbit. Courtesy of NASA

43. Chapter 8, Lesson 1 Key Space Shuttle Missions Key Space Shuttle Missions  The space shuttle Challenger carried the first American woman astronaut—Sally Ride—into space during STS- 7 in 1983.  The first European Spacelab payload was aboard mission STS-9 in the Columbia in 1983. Courtesy of NASA

44. Chapter 8, Lesson 1 Key Space Shuttle Missions Key Space Shuttle Missions  On STS-31 in 1990 Discovery launched the Hubble Space Telescope. The telescope takes much clearer photos of space than telescopes on Earth do because Hubble doesn’t need to “see” through Earth’s atmosphere.  Atlantis had its day in the spotlight when it deployed a space probe called Galileo to study Jupiter. Courtesy of NASA

45. Chapter 8, Lesson 1 Key Space Shuttle Missions Key Space Shuttle Missions  Endeavour broke ground during its first voyage in May 1992. For the first time in space shuttle history, three astronauts walked in space at the same time.  The longest space walk in history—eight hours—also took place during this mission. Courtesy of NASA

46. Chapter 8, Lesson 1 Lesson Objectives  Identify the three early US manned space programs and the purpose of each  Identify three early Soviet manned space programs and the significant accomplishment of each  Define launch system terms  Identify the role of each space shuttle crew positions  Define the purpose of the international space station

47. Chapter 8, Lesson 1 Purpose of the International Space Station  The ISS is the world’s first permanent space lab  The ISS orbits 240 miles above Earth at 17,500 mph  The International Space Station (ISS) is the product of 16 countries: the United States, Russia, Canada, Brazil, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom

48. Chapter 8, Lesson 1 The International Parts That Make Up the ISS  The ISS is a work in progress  It grows as new pieces become ready Courtesy of NASA

49. Lesson Objectives  Identify the three early US manned space programs and the purpose of each  Identify three early Soviet manned space programs and the significant accomplishment of each  Define launch system terms  Identify the role of each space shuttle crew positions  Define the purpose of the international space station  Identify four types of US satellites

50. Chapter 8, Lesson 1 SatellitesSatellites  A satellite is an object that orbits a larger object in space  The moon is Earth’s satellite  Some satellites are man-made  Like natural satellites, these artificial satellites orbit Earth  They perform scientific tasks such as analyzing weather patterns  They are unmanned

51. Chapter 8, Lesson 1 US Satellites  The United States employs four kinds of satellites:  Communication  Navigation  Observation  Scientific Communication Observation Navigation Courtesy of NASA Scientific

52. Chapter 8, Lesson 1  NASA, the Soviet Union, and the ESA each put laboratories into space  Astronauts conducted experiments in these orbiting labs  But the astronauts themselves were the main targets of the tests  All the space agencies wanted to learn about the impact that being in space for long periods would have on the health of human beings The History of Soviet and Other Satellites