1. Challenges of Reform (19 th cen.) Lecture~ 1 (656-671) Chapter 20 Objective~ Understand the “isms” Nationalism, Liberalism, and Conservatism

2. Revisiting the Congress of Vienna GOALS 1.Restore old monarchies to their thrones 2.Create a balance of power (preserve the peace) GOALS 1.Restore old monarchies to their thrones 2.Create a balance of power (preserve the peace) Criticized for ignoring liberal & nationalist aspirations Balance of power upset by the unification of Germany BUT…

3. Nationalism~ # 1  Nation composed of people who are joined together by common lan., customs, cultures, & history Same peoples should have same gov.  Opposition to Vienna Congress  Language~ foundation (print culture)

4. Liberalism~ advocated reform for the upper class  Who~ Anyone/anything that challenged their own political, social, or religious values  Political Roots~ Enlightenment Did not advocate democracy but an extension of representation (property owners) Supporters~ wealthy, educated  Economic Roots~ Adam Smith Wealth of Nations (Free trade economics)  removal of tariffs and trade barriers

5. Relationship of Nationalism & Liberalism  If nationalist supports Liberalism. Makes movement stronger

6. “Moderate” Liberalism 1.Favored the idea of the sovereignty of the people, but… Government should rest on the organized consent of at least the most important sections of the community. An extension of the franchise to include all men of property.  Exclude the working class! 2.A good constitutional monarchy was the best form of government. 3.Valued liberty more than equality. Confidence in man’s powers of self-government and self-control. Freedom of the press. Free right of assembly. 4.Written constitutions.

7. “Moderate” Liberalism 5.Economic policies: Laissez-faire economy. Free trade. Lower tariffs. Against the right of the working class to organize into unions. 6.The general progress of humanity would emerge from the growth of wealth and from science and inventions. 7.Established churches & the landed aristocracy were obstacles to the advancement of civilization. 8.Orderly change by legislative process. 9.A dislike of wars, conquests, a standing army, and military expenditures. 10.Hated the idea of revolution!

8. Challenges to Liberalism  From above  the conservative upper class  From below  socialism/Marxism  From organized religions  From militarism and imperialism  From economic upheavals: Irish Potato Famine Great Depressions

9. Conservatism~ Order & Tradition  Who~ Monarchies, aristocrats, romantics and churches (were enemies not allies) restored monarchies in Austria, Prussia, France, and England.  Distrusted popular movements (defensive) Hated Enlightenment Believed self-interests lead to social conflict not harmony  Denounced individualism and natural rights.  New pressures caused by peace (after 1815)  Time to think & ask questions about political & economic issues

10. Resist to Liberalism & Nationalism  Austrian prince Metternich (conservative) Recognized political rights of various national groups in empire (feared internal war) Controlled new German Confederation (independent) Ex~ German states had own constitutions  but popular sovereignty & political rights remained w/ monarch Ex~ assassination of revolt group leaders  Student Karl Sand o Became a national martyr Carlsbad Decrees  Abolished student revolt groups (Burschenschaften)

11. Postwar Repression in Britain Conservative outlook 1815-1817~ bad harvest, unemployment –Corn Law~ maintain high prices for grain (imports were taxed) Income tax (wealthy) replaced with sales tax (both) Combination Acts~ outlawed workers organizations/unions Lower classes began to demand reform of Parliament –Coercion Acts~ suspended habeas corpus Peterloo Massacre (1819) –11 killed Six Acts~ attempt to prevent radicals/reforms – Can’t meet or train armies, trails of reformist sped up.. Cato Street Conspiracy-plan to blow up the British Cabinet (failed)

12. The Great Reform Bill (Britain-1832) Liberalism~ Expanded the size of the vote by 50% (not democratic) Allowed them to avoid rev.

13. British Soldiers Fire on British Workers: Let us die like men, and not be sold like slaves! Peterloo Massacre, 1819