1. The Respiratory System

2. Anatomy

3. What makes up the Respiratory System? Consists of the lungs and air passages Takes in oxygen and removes carbon dioxide Our body only has a 4-6 minute supply of oxygen Must work continuously to supply our bodies with the oxygen we need in order to survive

4. What makes up the Respiratory System?

5. The Nostrils Nostrils (nares) Openings through which air enters Nasal septum Wall of cartilage Divides the nose into two hollow spaces called nasal cavities

6. Nasal Cavities Lined with mucous membranes Mucous traps pathogens and dirt Air is warmed, filtered and moistened as it enters the nasal cavities Cilia Tiny hair like structures Filters inhaled air Traps pathogens and dust as they enter nose so they can be pushed toward esophagus and swallowed

7. Sinuses Cavities in skill around nasal area Lined with mucous membranes Gives your voice its resonance

8. Pharynx (throat) Lies directly behind nasal cavities Nasopharynx Upper portion behind nasal cavities Contains tonsils, eustachian tubes Oropharynx Middle section behind the oral cavity Receives air from the nasopharynx and food and air from the mouth Laryngopharynx Bottom section Branches into trachea and esophagus

9. Larynx (Voice Box) Consists of nine layers of cartilage The largest layer, the thyroid cartilage, is called the Adam’s apple Contains two folds  vocal cords As air leaves lungs, the vocal cords vibrate to produce sound The tongue and lips act on this sound to produce speech

10. Vocal Cord Disease

11. Epiglottis Leaf-like piece of cartilage Closes over the opening of the opening of the larynx during swallowing Prevents food/fluids from entering the trachea

12. Trachea (Wind pipe) Extends from larynx to center of chest It carries air between the pharynx and the bronchi C-shaped cartilages which are open on the dorsal surface help to keep the trachea open

13. Bronchi Two divisions of the trachea near the center of chest The right bronchus is shorter, wider and extends more vertically Continues to divide into smaller bronchi These are called bronchioles End in “air sacs” called alveoli

14. Alveoli Resemble a bunch of grapes Contain capillaries which allow O2and CO2 to be exchanged between the blood and the lungs Inner surface covered with surfactant Keeps the alveoli from collapsing Pulmonary arteriole Pulmonary venule 500 million per lung

15. How Alveoli work… Pulmonary Venule Pulmonary Arteriole Capillaries

16. Lungs Organs containing bronchi and alveoli Right lung  3 lobes Left lung  2 lobes Smaller lung because heart lies more to the left side

17. Lung Linings Pleura Membrane or sac enclosing each lung Parietal pleura is attached to the chest wall Visceral pleura is attached to the surface of the lung Pleural fluid flows between the layers. This allows the lungs to expand without friction.

18. Physiology

19. Ventilation  Inspiration and Expiration Diaphragm and Intercostal muscles contract to expand thoracic cavity during inspiration Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax to collapse the thoracic cavity during expiration.

20. Respiration The exchange of O2 and CO2 Two types: Internal and External External The exchange of O2 and CO2 between the lungs and the bloodstream Internal The exchange of O2 and CO2 between the body cells and the bloodstream

21. Respiration Control Controlled medulla oblongata Involuntary process Too much CO2 or too little O2 will cause the brain to try to “fix” the problem by increasing the rate of breathing Certain diseases can cause this Asthma, congestive heart failure, emphysema Can we consciously control how fast or slow we breathe?

22. Interdependence How do the other systems of the body depend upon the respiratory system to function normally?

23. Pathophysiology

24. What can go wrong with the respiratory system? Asthma Caused by sensitivity to an allergen, overexertion or infection Bronchospasms narrow the opening of the bronchioles Mucus is produced in excess Edema develops in the mucus membrane lining of the bronchioles Signs/Symptoms Wheezing, dyspnea, coughing, tight feeling in chest are seen Treatment Bronchodilators Anti-inflammatory meds Epinephrine O2

25. What can go wrong with the respiratory system? Bronchitis Inflammation of the bronchi and bronchial tubes Acute: caused by an infection Dyspnea, chest pain, fever, productive cough Treatment  antibiotics, expectorants, fluids, rest Chronic: caused by frequent bouts of acute bronchitis, long term pollutant exposure, smoking Wheezing, dyspnea, chest pain, prolonged air expiration, productive cough Treatment  Antibiotics, bronchodilators

26. What can go wrong with the respiratory system? Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Chronic lung diseases that results in obstruction of the airways Smoking is the primary cause There is no cure

27. What can go wrong with the respiratory system? Emphysema Noninfectious, chronic respiratory condition that occurs when the walls of the alveoli deteriorate and lose their elasticity Carbon dioxide remains trapped in the alveoli and there is very poor exchange of gasses Heavy smoking and prolonged exposure to air pollutants are the most common causes

28. What can go wrong with the respiratory system? Emphysema Dyspnea, feeling of suffocation, pain, barrel chest appearance, chronic cough, cyanosis and rapid respirations accompanied by prolonged expirations are symptoms There is no cure ad eventual respiratory failure and death occurs Treatment (management) options include bronchodilators, prompt treatment of respiratory infections, oxygen therapy, respiratory therapy and avoidance of smoking

29. What can go wrong with the respiratory system? Epistaxis (nosebleeds) Injury to the nose hypertension chronic infections anticoagulant (blood thinning) meds blood diseases (leukemia and hemophilia) Compressing the nostrils, tilting the head forward and applying cold compresses Treating any underlying cause like hypertension can prevent epistaxis

30. What can go wrong with the respiratory system? Influenza (flu) Highly contagious, viral infection of the upper respiratory system Symptoms include sudden onset of chills, fever, cough, sore throat, runny nose, muscle pain and fatigue Treatment includes rest, fluids, pain meds, antipyretics Flu vaccines can provide immunity but since there are many strains of the flu virus, you must be vaccinated each year against the common flu causing viruses at the time

31. What can go wrong with the respiratory system? Laryngitis Inflammation of the larynx and vocal cords Frequently occurs with other respiratory infections Hoarseness, loss of voice, sore throat, dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) are seen Treatment includes rest, limited use of voice, fluids and antibiotics if an infection is present

32. What can go wrong with the respiratory system? Lung cancer The leading cause of death in both men and women Main cause is exposure to carcinogens in tobacco Early stages of lung cancer usually have no symptoms and only when it has progressed do you see symptoms such as chronic cough, dyspnea, fatigue, weight loss and chest pain Prognosis is usually poor because lung cancer is usually not detected until it is in the later stages Treatment includes surgical removal of cancerous portion of the lung, chemotherapy and radiation therapy where appropriate

33. What can go wrong with the respiratory system? Pleurisy Inflammation of the pleura usually occurring in conjunction with a lung infection Symptoms are sharp, stabbing pain while breathing; crepitation (grating sounds in the lungs); dyspnea and fever Treatment  rest, meds for pain and inflammation Occasionally a thoracentesis must be performed to remove fluid that collects in the pleural space to prevent compression of the lungs

34. What can go wrong with the respiratory system? Pneumonia Inflammation or infection of the lungs exudate (buildup of fluid) in the alveoli Caused by bacteria, viruses or chemicals Chills, productive cough, dysnpea, fever, chest pain and fatigue are seen Treatment  rest, fluids, antibiotics if needed, respiratory therapy and pain meds

35. What can go wrong with the respiratory system? Sinusitis Inflammation of the mucous lining of the sinuses Caused by bacterium or viruses Headache, thick nasal discharge, congestion and loss of voice resonance are seen Treatment  pain meds, decongestants, vaporizers Rhinitis Inflammation of the nasal mucous membrane Causes by infections and allergens Runny nose, soreness and congestion Treatment  fluids and meds for congestion

36. What can go wrong with the respiratory system? Tuberculosis (TB) caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis ActiveTB Can cause symptoms Dormant TB Can form tubercles due to the WBC’s and surround the bacteria Fatigue, fever, night sweat, weight loss, hemoptysis (blood tinged sputum) and chest pain Treatment  meds to destroy the bacteria, rest and good nutrition Can take up to 2 years to be completely effective against the bacterium and must not be stopped until instructed to do so

37. What can go wrong with the respiratory system? Upper Respiratory Infection (URI) Common cold inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the upper respiratory tract Caused by viruses, they are highly contagious Fever, runny nose, watery eye, congestion, sore throat and hacking cough are seen No cure is available, and lasts about a week Pain meds, antipyretics, rest, fluids and antihistamines are to treat the symptoms