1. DEMOCRACY TO BRUTALITY

2. The Caning of Senator Sumner
Charles Sumner, Massachusetts Senator gives a stirring speech
“Crime against Kansas” against slavery (and Senator Andrew Butler).
Charles Sumner – Massachusetts
Senator

3. The Caning of Senator Sumner
Preston Brooks, South Carolina Senator, uses a walking stick to beat Sumner in an effort to “defend his uncle’s honor”.

5. The Caning of Senator Sumner
Sumner is absent for 3 years; empty chair reminder of violence

6. The Caning of Senator Sumner Brooks resigns;
Southern supporters send him new canes

8. - Asks the question; Can this be resolved peacefully?
This is important….
Remember Lawrence, Kansas? Ruins of Free State Hotel after Sacking of Lawrence. Sheriff Jones collected a posse of 750 southerners to enter Lawrence, disarm the citizens, wreck the press, and destroy the Free State Hotel. The two printing offices were hacked, the presses destroyed, and the types thrown in the river. Several kegs of gunpowder were exploded within, with no appreciable damage to the walls, so the structure was burned. There was one fatality, a slavery proponent killed by falling masonry.

9. If this could happen in Congress…
This could happen anywhere!

10. Dred Scott Decision (1857) Dred Scott – slave in Missouri
John Emerson, owner, moves them to Illinois

11. Dred Scott Decision Dred Scott – slave in Missouri
John Emerson, owner, moves them to Illinois

12. Dred Scott Decision (1857) Scott sues for his freedom “Am I not
a man?”
Missouri State Courthouse

13. Supreme Court rules
AGAINST Dred Scott
Dred Scott
Roger Taney

14. His case was based on the fact that he and his wife Harriet were slaves, but had lived in states and territories where slavery was illegal, including Illinois and Wisconsin, which was then part of the Louisiana Purchase. The court ruled seven to two against Scott, finding that neither he, nor any person of African ancestry, could claim citizenship in the United States, and that therefore Scott could not bring suit in federal court under diversity of citizenship rules. Moreover, Scott's temporary residence outside Missouri did not affect his emancipation under the Missouri Compromise, since reaching that result would deprive Scott's owner of his property.

15. Dred Scott Decision (1857) African Americans cannot
- Sue in federal court
Be legal citizens of the U.S.
- See Hope slip away; kills opportunities of equality

16. National Park Service, Jefferson National Expansion Memorial A plaque in St. Louis that commemorates Dred and Harriet Scott.

17. SLAVERY CAN GO ANYWHERE!!
What is the impact of this decision?

18. Remember… It’s not too late
To turn things around!!!

19. STATEMENTS BEYOND THE LAW!

20. NAT TURNER’S REVOLT 1831

21. Nat started with a few trusted fellow slaves traveling from house to house. Because the rebels did not want to alert anyone to their presence as they carried out their attacks, they initially used knives, hatchets, axes, and blunt instruments instead of firearms. Before Nat and his brigade of rebels met resistance at the hands of a white militia. Nat Turner's rebellion was suppressed within 48 hours, but Nat eluded capture until October 30 when he was discovered hiding in a cave and then taken to court.

22. NAT TURNER’S REVOLT 1831
Leads 40 – 50 slaves in a revolt killing 55 whites in Virginia

23. NAT TURNER’S REVOLT 1831
- Turner is caught, and hung

24. NAT TURNER’S REVOLT 1831
- Harsh codes for slaves are put in place to restrict their activities

25. JOHN BROWN’S RAID AT HARPER’S FERRY

26. JOHN BROWN’S RAID AT HARPER’S FERRY
BEFORE POTAWATOMIE CREEK: I836, Franklin Mills, Ohio (now Kent). The Panic of 1837 (Remember the laissez faire approach of Martin Van Buren) hit his family hard. He borrowed money to buy land and operate a tannery. Losing money on State bonds, Brown was even jailed when he attempted to retain ownership of a farm by occupying it against the claims of the new owner. Brown also tried selling sheep and trading cattle in an attempt to get out of debt. He eventually moved to Kansas to try to help it become a “Free Soil” State.
John Brown, white Ohioan, Abolitionist, an “Instrument of God”

27. Disguise
Brown grew a beard partly as a disguise after the Pottawattamie Creek Massacre as he and his sons were fugitives from the law for several years.

28. JOHN BROWN’S RAID AT HARPER’S FERRY
He and 18 followers take over a military arsenal in Virginia,

29. The armory was a large complex of buildings that contained 100,000 muskets and rifles, which Brown planned to seize and use to arm local slaves. They would then head south, drawing off more and more slaves from plantations, and fighting only in self-defense.

30. JOHN BROWN’S RAID AT HARPER’S FERRY
Brown had a Connecticut Blacksmith create 1,000 of these iron pikes to give to slaves to use in the raid.
On October 16, 1859, Brown (leaving three men behind as a rear guard) led 19 men in an attack on the Harpers Ferry Armory. He had received 200 breech loading .52 caliber Sharps carbines and pikes from northern abolitionist societies in preparation for the raid.

31. I will deplete Virginia of its slaves, causing the institution to collapse in one county after another, until the movement spread into the South, essentially wreaking havoc on the economy of the pro-slavery states!

32. JOHN BROWN’S RAID AT HARPER’S FERRY
The spot was chosen by Brown because of the Potomac River and the Shenandoah River met there and a Railroad came through, as well the access to weapons.

33. He and 18 followers take over a military arsenal in Virginia, cuts telegraphs, 5 dead

34. Initially, the raid went well, and they met no resistance entering the town. They cut the telegraph wires and easily captured the armory, which was being defended by a single watchman. They next rounded up hostages from nearby farms, including Colonel Lewis Washington, great-grand-nephew of George Washington. They also spread the news to the local slaves that their liberation was at hand. Things started to go wrong when an eastbound Baltimore & Ohio train approached the town. The train's baggage master tried to warn the passengers. Brown's men yelled for him to halt and then opened fire. The baggage master, Hayward Shepherd, became the first casualty of John Brown's war against slavery. Ironically, Shepherd was a free black man. {Two of the hostages slaves also died in the raid. [12]}For some reason, after the shooting of Shepherd, Brown allowed the train to continue on its way. News of the raid reached Washington by late morning.

37. Hoped slaves would join raid, plan failed

38. JOHN BROWN’S RAID AT HARPER’S FERRY
- Robert E. Lee, federal officer of U.S. army, puts down revolt along with local militias

39. By morning (October 18) the engine house, later known as John Brown's Fort, was surrounded by a company of U.S. Marines under the command of Lt. Col. Robert E. Lee of the United States Army. A young Army lieutenant, J.E.B. Stuart, approached under a white flag and told the raiders that their lives would be spared if they surrendered. Brown refused, saying, "No, I prefer to die here." Stuart then gave a signal. The Marines used sledge hammers and a make-shift battering-ram to break down the engine room door. Lieutenant Israel Greene cornered Brown and struck him several times, wounding his head. In three minutes Brown and the survivors were captives-with two marine casualties-one killed and one wounded. Altogether Brown's men killed four people, and wounded nine.

40. Brown is tried; found guilty of treason,
Brown was injured badly during the raid and needed help standing
Brown was injured badly during the raid and needed help standing

41. Brown is tried, found guilty of treason, hanged

42. Would the South be more worried about Brown’s revolt or Turner’s Revolt?

43. Because of Brown’s Raid, the South Begins to form militias!

44. WAS BROWN JUSTIFIED? YOU DECIDE!

45. REMEMBER… JOHN BROWN IS NOT JAMES BROWN!!
The Meteor of the War The Godfather of Soul