1. THE ROAD TO REVOLUTION
1763 TO 1775
A CLASH OF NEW ATTITUDES

2. Pontiac’s Rebellion (1763)
Chief Pontiac refused to surrender Lands
Led to an Indian alliance in Ohio Valley and Great Lakes
Germ Warfare
Proclamation 1763

3. MERCANTILISM
Before 1763

4. AN ECONOMIC THEORY PRINCIPLES
COLONIES EXIST TO BENEFIT THE MOTHER COUNTRY.
COLONIES PROVIDE RAW MATERIALS
COLONIES PROVIDE MARKETS FOR FINISHED PRODUCTS
COLONIES PROVIDE MILITARY OUTPOSTS.

5. MORE PRINCIPLES COLONIES RECEIVE TRADING RIGHTS WITHIN THE EMPIRE
COLONIES ARE PROTECTED BY THE MOTHER COUNTRY.
THE MOTHER COUNTRY SHOULD HAVE A POSITIVE TRADE BALANCE.
COLONIES CANNOT TRADE OUTSIDE THE COLONIAL SYSTEM.

6. BRITISH MERCANTILE POLICY
NAVIGATION ACTS CONTROL TRADE WITHIN THE EMPIRE.
NAVIGATION ACT ALL MUST BE CARRIED BY BRITISH SHIPS
NAVIGATION ACT 1660 – ENUMERATES GOODS.AMERICANS CANNOT SELL OUTSIDE THE EMPIRE.
NEW NAVIGATION ACT AMERICANS CAN ONLY BUY BRITISH GOODS.

7. POLICY OF SALUTARY NEGLECT
NAVIGATION LAWS ONLY RANDOMLY ENFORCED
AMERICANS OPENLY VIOLATE THE NAVIGATION ACTS.
NO SERIOUS CONSEQUENCES
“LAW WITHOUT SANCTION IS NO LAW” IT IS A REQUEST.

8. MOLASSES ACT 1733 6 PENCE PER GALLON TAX ON MOLASSES
CAN ONLY BE PURCHASED IN BRITISH WEST INDIES.
AMERICAN OBJECT, LAW IS NOT ENFORCED.

9. VICTORY CHANGES BRITISH POLICY 1763
FACED WITH NATIONAL DEBT
PARLIAMENT ABANDONS SALUTARY NEGLECT
WILL NOW VIGOROUSLY ENFORCE THE NAVIGATION ACTS.

10. THE GRENVILLE PROGRAM NEW LAWS
GOAL:
GET AMERICANS TO PAY 1/3RD OF COST OF DEFENSE.
REDUCE THE NATIONAL DEBT
MAKE THE AMERICAN COLONIALS RESPECT BRITISH LAW

11. THE CAUSES OF THE REVOLUTION
A NEW AMERICAN ATTITUDE
SELF ASSURED
WANTED MORE SELF CONTROL. DID NOT WANT TO BE SUBORDINATE

12. A NEW BRITISH ATTITUDE WANTED TO TIGHTEN CONTROL OF THE COLONIES.
MAKE THE COLONIES PAY ONE THIRD THE COST OF THEIR DEFENSE.

13. BRITISH POLITICS THE RISE OF KING GEORGE III 1760
THE END OF SALUTARY NEGLECT.

14. Who is King George III? Extremely stubborn
His government was filled with men who were…
Inexperience
Inward-looking
Narrow – minded
Wanted to control the colonies
50 years of Whig power was about to give way to a conservative government dominated by the King.

15. Navigation Laws Purpose: enforce the mercantilist system
Motive: First enacted in 1651; aimed at rival Dutch shippers who were active in the American trade.
Basic provisions passed in 17th and 18th centuries:
Restricted commerce to and from the colonies to English or American vessels.
Certain "enumerated" articles (tobacco) couldn’t be shipped to any other foreign market except England
All European goods going to America had to go through England first.
Certain restrictions on colonial manufactures for export: British did not want manufacturing competition with the Colonies.
Molasses Act (1733)

16. Positive Impact
Until 1763, it did not adversely impact the colonial economy.
Colonials had rights of Englishmen and opportunities for self-government
Colonies had British military protection
Colonies greatly profited from manufacturing and trading.

17. Negative Impact
Colonial manufacturing was hindered by British policies.
Southern colonies suffered as export prices dropped
New England resented favorable British policies toward Southern colonies (who produced tobacco, sugar and rice).

18. NEW COLONIAL POLICY THE USE IF WRITS OF ASSISTANCE
Search warrants by British customs officers harassed colonial shipping.
Aimed to reduce colonial smuggling
JAMES OTIS PROTESTS THEIR USE AS A VIOLATION OF THE RIGHTS OF ENGLISHMEN.
Otis’ efforts gained press throughout the colonies.
Wrote famous words "no taxation without representation."
THE PROCLAMATION OF 1763

19. THE GRENVILLE PROGRAM 1763- 1766
THE SUGAR ACT OF 1764
First act ever passed specifically that raised revenue for the crown.
Aimed to regulate the illegal triangular trade
Reduced taxes on molasses but taxed all molasses
Not enforced effectively

20. Continued…. THE STAMP ACT 1765 THE FIRST DIRECT TAX.
Purpose: Raise revenues to support the new military force in the colonies
Provisions:
Official stamps would serve as proof of payment.
Tax applied to published materials and legal documents e.g., pamphlets, newspapers, diplomas, bills of lading, marriage certificates, death certificates, mortgages, insurance policies, liquor licenses, & playing cards.
Both Sugar Act and Stamp Act provided for trying offenders in admiralty courts where juries were not allowed

21. THE AMERICAN REACTION THE STAMP ACT CONGRESS
Brought together 27 delegates from 9 colonies
Massachusetts invited colonies who adopted Virginia Resolves to meet.
Drew up a statement of their rights and grievances Largely ignored in England; of little consequence in the colonies
Significance: Brought together reps from different & rival colonies and set a precedent
RESOLUTIONS OF PROTEST TO THE KING

22. THE AMERICAN REACTION (cont)
THE SONS OF LIBERTY LEAD BY SAMUEL ADAMS
Violently enforced nonimportation agreements against violators (tarring & feathering was one painful tactic).
NON-IMPORTATION AGREEMENTS.
Of British Good
England economy suffered from non-importation
Was not decisive in reversing Parliament’s decision

23. REPEAL OF THE GRENVILLE PROGRAM
THE NEW MOLASSES TAX
THE DECLARATORY ACT 1766
Purpose was partly to save face
Claimed that Parliament had the right to tax colonies in the future
GRENVILLE IS REMOVED FROM POWER.

24. THE TOWNSHEND PROGRAM 1767 CHARLES TOWNSHEND TAKES OVER.
NO DIRECT TAXES.
Small import duty placed on glass, white lead, paper, paint, silk and tea.
Tax was an indirect customs duty ("external tax")
MAKES PROVISION TO PAY ROYAL GOVERNORS.
Revenues from taxes to pay salaries of royal governors and judges
CUT POWER OF THE PURSE.

25. MORE:
SUSPENDS THE NEW YORK LEGISLATURE FOR REFUSING TO QUARTER TROOPS.
Certain colonies required to provide food & quarters for British troops.
INCREASES USE OF WRITS OF ASSISTANCE.
SMUGGLERS TRIED IN ADMIRALTY COURTS
Established a commission and vice-admiralty courts for enforcement.
Royal judges would be allowed to grant "writs of assistance" in private homes, shops or warehouses. 

26. AMERICAN REACTION TO TOWNSHEND DUTIES
NEW NON-IMPORTATION AGREEMENT.
JOHN DICKENSON’S “LETTERS FROM A FARMER.”
Challenged distinction between "internal" and "external" taxes.
Denied right to levy taxes for purpose of revenue.
Prompted the Massachusetts Circular Letter
Massachusetts legislature, urged by Sam Adams and James Otis, supported Dickinson's arguments and called for other colonies to pass  petitions calling for Parliament to repeal the acts.
OPEN VIOLATION OF THE LAW.

27. THE BOSTON MASSACRE, 1770 SON’S OF LIBERTY PROVOKED THE INCIDENT.
5 AMERICAN COLONIALS KILLED.
JOHN ADAMS DEFENDS THE SOLDIERS.
VIOLENCE INCREASES.

28. LORD NORTH BECOMES PRIME MINISTER
TOWNSHEND DUTIES REPEALED
EXCEPT FOR SMALL TAX ON TEA.
NON-IMPORTATION AGREEMENTS END. AMERICANS BUY SMUGGLED TEA .

29. THE FINAL CRISIS BASIC ISSUES UNRESOLVED.
SAM ADAMS ORGANIZES “COMMITTEES OF CORRESPONDENCE.”
Some colonial discontent continued as British redoubled efforts to enforce the Navigation Laws.
Samuel Adams used propaganda to whip up colonial resentment
Adams organized in Mass., Nov.1772.
To spread propaganda and info. by interchanging letters in order to keep opposition to British policy alive.
Intercolonial committees of correspondence emerged
Intercolonial groups evolved directly into the first American congresses.
1773 EAST INDIA COMPANY MONOPOLY ON TEA TRADE WITH THE COLONIES.
PRICE FALLS BELOW SMUGGLED TEA.

30. THE BOSTON TEA PARTY. 1773 SONS OF LIBERTY DUMP $750,000 WORTH OF TEA.
BRITISH RESPOND BY PASSING:
THE COERCIVE ACT OR INTOLERABLE ACTS 1774
CLOSE BOSTON HARBOR

31. OTHER BRITISH REACTIONS
SUSPEND MASS. LEGISLATURE AND TOWN MEETINGS.
PASS THE QUARTERING ACT 1774
PARLIAMENT PASSES THE QUEBEC ACT 1774
BRITISH OFFICIALS ACCUSED OF CRIME WILL BE TRIED IN BRITAIN.

32. COLONIAL REACTION CALL THE FIRST CONTINENTAL CONGRESS 1774
DEMAND REPEAL OF THE INTOLERABLE ACTS
“SUFFOLK RESOLVES” WHICH DECLARE INTOLERABLE ACTS VOID.

33. FCC: Sept. 5 to Oct. 26, 1774
12 of 13 colonies present (except Georgia)
Delegates included S.Adams, J. Adams, G. Washington, & Patrick Henry.
1st Step: endorse several resolutions known as the Suffolk Resolves.
Denounced "Intolerable" Acts
Urged colonies to organize militia for defensive purposes
Called on colonies to suspend all trade with rest of British empire
Urged citizens not to pay taxes.
Rejection of Galloway Plan
Joseph Galloway called for a colonial union required to approve all  parliamentary laws affecting the colonies

34. MORE… “DECLARATION OF RIGHTS AND GRIEVANCES”
Gave colonists the legal right to assemble in order to seek redress.
"Bill of Rights": established structure for the Declaration of Independence (Preamble, list of grievances and mutual pledge)
DEMAND RESPECT FOR RIGHTS.

35. OTHER REACTIONS FORM THE ASSOCIATION TO ENFORCE A BOYCOTT.
Called for a complete boycott of British goods: nonimportation, nonexportation, and nonconsumption.
ADVISED COLONIAL MILITIAS TO STOCKPILE WEAPONS AND POWDER.
CALL FOR “THE SECOND CONTINENTAL CONGRESS” TO MEET IN 1775.