1. England in the 17th Century – Part II
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England in the 17th Century – Part II
Establishing a Constitutional Monarchy: From the Stuarts to the Hanoverians & Robert Walpole

2. From Absolutism to Constitutionalism
And how does England do it???
ongoing opposition between kings and Parliament
bloody civil war
execution of a king
military dictatorship
son of executed king returned to throne
bloodless revolution,
finally constitutional monarchy!
The Triumph of Parliament!!!!
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3. The Restoration of the Stuarts
Charles II
Fought for his father during the Civil War
Lived in exile in Holland and France
Attempted failed revolution in 1651
Invited to return in 1660: crowned on his birthday, 30 May 1660
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4. Division of Power King could: Parliament could:
choose his own ministers
decide foreign policy
call Parliament
veto Parliament’s laws
dismiss Parliament
impeach minister
could make laws
control of state finances
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5. Religious Issues & Charles II
CII = Moderate Religious Toleration
BUT Puritans were punished
Parliament = Anglican Church & Book of Common Prayer ONLY
Clarendon Code, 1661 – all clergyman MUST swear an oath to Anglicanism
Non-Anglicans = NO PUBLIC worship
Anglicans worried Charles II has “Catholic tendencies”
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6. Religious Issues = Political Change
Treaty of Dover - Secret agreement with France (Louis XIV), 1670
Charles would receive 200,000 pounds annually from France in return for helping Catholics, fighting the Dutch, and pledging to convert to Catholicism
Declaration of Indulgence, 1672
Extends more religious toleration to the Puritans and Catholics (remember many members of CII’s family are Catholic)
Parliament responds w/ Test Act 1672
Required all officials to take communion in the Anglican Church and swear an oath against Catholicism
Parliament splits into two parties
Whigs (suspicious of king, the French & Catholics): primarily noblemen, but also merchant class, middle class
Tories (supporters of king): lesser aristocracy & gentry, often poorer classes as well
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7. 1685: the beginning of the end of the Stuarts
Charles II had no legitimate children
James II, Charles’ younger brother was in line for the throne
Parliament and Anglicans were fearful
James II was openly Catholic BUT his heirs at the time were two Protestant daughters: Mary and Anne
Would he bring back Catholicism?
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8. James II, 1685 – 1688 Tried to repeal the Test Act
Appointed Roman Catholics and dissenteres to positions in the army, universities, & government
                                                             
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9. Glorious Revolution, 1688
June 1688, James’ wife gave birth to a son – baptized him Catholic
Members of Parliament and English society have a solution
Offer the throne to James’ Protestant daughter Mary and her husband, William III of Orange
William and Mary
Arrive in November 1688
James II fled to France in December
Husband and wife were crowned in April 1689
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10. William and Mary William and Mary ruled with tolerance
They led jointly between 1689 – 1694
Mary died of smallpox in 1694
William ruled alone from
Section 1 ends here
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11. Bill of Rights, 1689 contractual relationship btw. king & people
enacted by Parliament it states:
no law may be suspended by king
no taxes may be levied or army maintained w/o consent of Parliament
no subject could be arrested & detained w/o legal process
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12. Additional Acts
Toleration Act, 1689: religious toleration (except for Unitarians and Catholics) BUT Test Act still holds for all officeholders
1701
Act of Settlement – no Catholic would ever be allowed to inherit the English throne
Royal judges given life tenure – attempt to create a stronger more independent judiciary that would uphold the rule of law
1707 Act of Union:
United Kingdom of Great Britain: England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland
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13. Results of Glorious Revolution
divine-right of kings no longer valid
freely elected Parliament
increased strength of Parliament
foundation laid for constitutional monarchy
end of religious “persecution” in England – not all religions have the same rights
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14. 2 Responses to Revolution
Thomas Hobbes ( )
Leviathan, 1651 – supports idea of absolute rule BECAUSE
humans = animalistic, “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short” THEREFORE
the “commonwealth” must rely on a sovereign ruler and may not rebel
Let’s look at the frontispiece – What do you see?
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15. 2 Responses to Revolution
John Locke ( )
Two Treatises of Government - mutual agreement btw. government and governed
Gov’t. protects inalienable natural rights (life, liberty, property) of individuals
Individuals act reasonably toward gov’t BUT
if gov’t. breaks agreement, people should rebel
Who would make up the government?
The landed aristocracy
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16. The Last Stuart Anne, Queen 1702-1714
Although she was born 19 children none of them survived SO
It was determined that Sophia of Hanover and her heirs would be the successors to the English throne
Sophia was the granddaughter of James I
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17. The Hanoverians George I, 1714-1727 Treaty of Utrecht granted
came to power at the end of the War of Spanish Succession
Treaty of Utrecht granted
legitimacy to Hanoverian right to rule
new territories: Gibraltar, Hudson’s Bay, Nova Scotia, Newfoundland
the right of asiento (English merchants now allowed to ship African slaves into Spanish New World territories)
limited trade rights w/ Spanish colonies
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18. Triumph of the Whigs
Sir Robert Walpole, 1st English Prime Minister,
refused to be ennobled – Why?
prized civil decorum in politics – Why?
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19. Rise of English Dominance
See UEQs #9 and create list here:
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