1. The Age of Jackson, Reform and Industrial Growth

2. The Rise of Mass Democracy

3. I. The Corrupt Bargain
Early 1820’s sectional differences emerge after the Panic of and the Missouri Compromise
New types of political parties emerged, became accepted
New styles of campaigns, banners, badges, politicking
1828 new party, Democrats
1830’s Whig Party emerges
Two party system part of checks and balances of political power
More people began to vote (78% in1840)

4. I. The Corrupt Bargain 1824- Last of the old style elections
Adams (MA), Clay (KY), Wm. Crawford (GA), Jackson (TN) all running for president
Jackson strongest personal appeal, support from the West
Won a majority of the vote, did not win in electoral college
Clay (also Speaker of the House), threw support behind Adams
Clay hated Jackson (from 1818 Florida foray)
Did not like Adams either, but both were nationalist

5. I. The Corrupt Bargain
1825 vote in House gave election to Adams, Clay becomes Sec. of State (seen as stepping stone to presidency)
Supporters of Jackson called it a corrupt bargain
Condemned Clay
No positive evidence of “corrupt bargain”, Clay was qualified to be Sec. of State
Changed political system, no more elections behind closed doors

6. II. Yankee Misfit in the White House
Adams could be an irritable loner
Great Sec. of State, poor president
Not good at politics
Did not have popular support
Kept people in office, didn't do political favors for supporters
Nationalistic views and ideas in contrast with national mood turning towards sectionalism and state’s rights
Southerners thought he might take infringe on their “peculiar institution”
Land policies and Indian policies turned off Westerners

7. III. Going “Whole Hog” for Jackson in 1828
By 1828 Democrat-Republicans split into two groups
National Republicans supported Adams
Republicans supported Jackson
Jackson seem as champion of common man
Mudslinging, accusations in election of 1828
Vote split along sectional lines
West and South supported Jackson
New England supported Adams
Vote split in rest of country but Jackson won the electoral vote handily
Shift of political power from eastern seaboard to emerging western states

8. IV. Old Hickory as President
Jackson from humble beginnings
Force of personality and power of leadership led to rise to national prominence
First president from the west, frontier aristocrat, slave owner
Election seen as rise of “peoples champion”
Wild inauguration, supporters flooded Washington, and wrecked White House
Conservatives saw this as the rise of the dreaded democratic mob

9. V. The Spoils System
Under Jackson spoils system used on a large scale (rewarding supporters with political jobs)
Washington was due for an overturn in the established powers, many had been around since the early 1800’s
Rewarding cronies led to scandal, but it was an important element to the development of the two party system
Promise of “spoils” led to party loyalty instead of economic, class and geographic loyalties

10. VI. The Tricky “Tariff of Abominations”
Tariffs had protected American Industry against European competition
Invited retaliatory tariffs against American goods
Tariff raised in 1824, 1828
Southerners thought tariffs discriminated against them
Tariff of 1828 called “Tariff of Abominations”, “Black Tariffs”
Southerners sold goods on world market, unprotected by tariffs, forced to buy manufactured good in a market protected by tariffs
Northeast was having a boom in manufacturing, how was the South doing?
Tariff was an easy scapegoat

11. VI. The Tricky “Tariff of Abominations”
These feeling were heightened by the fear that the federal government would interfere with slavery
Missouri Compromise, Denmark Vesey slave rebellion (1822), mounting pressure in support of abolition (in US and abroad)
Tariff seen as issue to the South as a way to take a stand for states’ rights
South Carolina took the lead
1828 The South Carolina Exposition secretly written by John Calhoun (vice president)
Wrote that tariff was unjust and unconstitutional, proposed that states should nullify tariff within their own borders

12. VI. “Nullies” in South Carolina
Tariff of 1832 tipped balance in SC to support nullification
Delegates declared tariff null and void in state
Threatened to take state out of the Union
No other Southern states actively supported SC actions
Jackson would not permit defiance, dispatched military reinforcements to state to enforce, collect tariff
Jackson endorsed tariff
Henry Clay stepped in to broker a compromise

13. VI. “Nullies” in South Carolina
Compromise Tariff Bill of 1833-would reduce tariff 10% over 8 years
Debate broke down over sectional lines
South favored compromise, Jackson would not have to use the military
Force Bill also passed at the same time, authorized president to use military to collect tariff
SC delegates met again repealed ordinance of nullification, but they nullified force bill
Only winner was Clay, seen as hero that saved the country

14. VII. The Trail of Tears
Jacksonians committed to Western Expansion, Native Americans in the way
Since 1790’s American policy toward Indians, they were recognized as separate nations
Acquired land through treaties, terms violated regularly as Anglo settlement pushed west
Some tribes assimilated into American culture, some resisted it
Cherokee of GA, NC assimilated into American ways (part of 5 Civilized Tribes- Creek, Choctaw, Seminole, Chickasaw)
Cherokee embraced civilization- written constitution, written legal code, alphabet
Some were even slave holders
1830- Congress passes Indian Removal Act, appropriated money to remove Indians to permanent reservation west of the Mississippi (act supported by Jackson, Southerners and Westerners)
Jackson, like many Westerners thought Indians needed to be removed east of the Mississippi, open land to white settlement

15. VII. The Trail of Tears
1828- Georgia Legislature declared Cherokee tribal council illegal, asserted jurisdiction over their lands
Cherokees appealed to Supreme Court (two separate cases)
Court upheld rights of Indians
Jackson disagreed with the Supreme Court, ordered removal of Indians (“Marshall made his decision, now let him enforce it”)
Uprooted more than 100,000 Indians, westward movement known as the Trail of Tears
1836 Bureau of Indian Affairs established to administer relations with Native Americans
As settlers pushed west the permanent frontier for Indians gradually shrank and many other guarantees went up in smoke

16. VII. The Trail of Tears
Sauk and Fox Indians in Wisconsin and Illinois resisted eviction
Led by Black Hawk the rebellion was crushed by American troops in (Black Hawk War)
Seminoles waged a bitter guerilla war for seven years in the swampy Everglades ( )
Leader Osceola was captured under a flag of truce, some fled deeper into the swamps, 4/5’s were moved to Oklahoma

17. VIII. The Bank War
Jackson distrusted big business and the Bank of the US
Why?
Banks minted gold and silver coins
Paper money printed by private banks (value fluctuated with health of bank and amount of money printed
Bank of US source of credit, principle depository of federal money, source of credit and stability
Acted like another branch of government

18. VIII. The Bank War
Bank not accountable to people, existed to make a profit for investors, seen as against “American "way
1832 Bank War begins
Webster, Clay push for recharter of Bank to make it a political issue in election of 1832
If passed and signed by Jackson it would alienate his western followers, if vetoed he would loose support of wealthy, influential easterners
Jackson vetoed, declared bank unconstitutional, found it harmful to nation
Another instance of Jackson regarding executive branch superior to judicial branch
Jackson expands power of executive branch

19. IX. Old Hickory Wallops Clay in 1832
Clay and Jackson squared off in election of 1832
First time third party ran, Anti-Masonic Party
Supporters in NY, Middle states, New England
Against secret societies, support from evangelical Protestants (use political power to bring moral and religious change)
Jacksonians against government interference in social and economic life
First use of nominating conventions
Clay had support from businessmen and eastern newspapers
Jackson wins election handily ( in electoral college

20. X. Burying Biddle’s Bank
Charter for Bank of US expire 1836
Fear of Biddle to bring back bank, Jackson wants to take it out
1833 Jackson removes federal deposits, bleed bank dry
Had to reshuffle cabinet to find people to support him
Biddle calls in loans from Bank to show importance, causes financial panic
Jackson places funds in state banks (“pet banks”)
Banks flood country with paper money, currency becomes unreliable
1836- Specie Circular required public lands to be purchased with hard currency (gold, silver currency)
Put brakes on land speculation, sales
Causes financial panic and crash in 1837

21. XI. The Birth of the Whigs
1830’s new political party emerges- Whigs
Hatred of Jackson was what they rallied around
Whigs were led by Clay, Calhoun, Webster
Attracted groups alienated by Jackson- supporters of American System, southern states righter's, northern industrialists, absorbed evangelical protestants from Anti- Masonic Party
Progressive in support of active government programs and reforms, called for internal improvements
Supported prisons, asylums, public schools and the market economy
Claimed to be defenders of common man (stole from Democrats)

22. XII. Election of 1836 Martin Van Buren chosen as Jackson’s successor
Whigs don’t nominate single candidate, many candidates for regional appeal
Wanted to put election in hands of House
Van Buren won election easily
Van Buren inherited problems over which he had no control
Did not have the force of personality that Jackson had to deal with problems
Depression, possible war with Canada, depression

23. XIII. Depression, Doldrums and the Independent Treasury
Panic 1837 caused by over-speculation on lands, borrowed money based on shaky currency and wildcat banks
Jackson’s policies on the Bank of the US
Rising grain prices
British Banks calling in loans
Caused commodity prices to drop, land sales to fall off, factories closed, high unemployment and bank closures

24. XIII. Depression, Doldrums and the Independent Treasury
Whigs tried to make government more active to end depression (expansion of credit, tariffs), Van Buren kept government out of economy
Van Buren tried to help economy through the “Divorce Bill”, keeping government out of banking by establishing an independent treasury, caused credit to shrink
Not popular
1840- Passed by Congress, repealed next year, revived in 1846 and continued until the Civil War

25. XIV. Gone to Texas
Americans want Texas, remote backwater of Spanish Empire
US abandoned claim in 1819
1823- new Mexican government gives land to Stephen Austin to bring settlers
2 conditions settlers had to become Mexican citizens, become Catholic
Ignored by settlers, annoyed by presence of Mexican soldiers and government
Settlers typical American individualist, did not want to be pushed around
Slavery an issue, outlawed in Mex., settlers brought slaves anyway
1836 Mex. Leader Santa Ana attempts to repress Texans independence

26. XV. The Lone Star Rebellion
Early 1836 Texans declare independence
Santa Anna attacks Alamo and Goliad become rallying cries for Texans, galvanized Americans behind Texas cause
Gen. Sam Houston lures Mexicans east to San Jacinto (near present day Houston), and defeats Santa Anna
Forces Santa Anna to sign treaty giving land to Rio Grande to Texas and removing troops from region
Mex. Does not recognize agreement
Texas becomes an independent republic but wanted to be part of the United States
Refused admission, abolitionists did want new slave state
Seen as a plot against slavery to Southerners

27. XVI. Log Cabins and Hard Cider of 1840
1840 Van Buren runs again for president, Whigs get behind one candidate William Henry Harrison
Harrison, war hero and Indian fighter
Views n issues vaguely known
Played as a “common man”, really from old Virginia family
Selected John Tyler as VP
Plan was to drive corrupt Jacksonians from White House
Harrison won, time for Whig ideas of government action to stimulate the economy

28. XVII. Two Party System
1840’s American politics adopt populist, democratic style
Old aristocracy seen as bad
Politicians wanted to claim humble beginnings, politicians had to adopt “common touch”
Resulted in formation of vigorous and durable two party system
Both parties grew out of Jeffersonian Republicanism
Democrats were for the liberty of the individual, state’s rights, federal restraint
Whigs supported national bank, protective tariffs, internal improvements and moral reforms
Both mass based, appeal led to compromise within the parties, kept extreme views from becoming dominant, reduced sectionalism

30. Forging the National Economy 30

31. I. Westward Movement
Americans constantly pushed west, cheap land opportunity
First part of 19th century new immigrants joined movement (Irish, Germans)
New machinery allowed crops to be cultivated quicker, goods produced faster, expectations for workers changed
New methods of transportation allowed goods, people and products to move quicker
Origins of market oriented economy 31

32. I. Westward Movement Jackson symbolized the rise of trans-Appalachia
Raw frontier seen as typically American
1850 half of all Americans under 30
Seen as restless energetic, always on the move
Demographic center of America had move steadily westward
Reality of pioneer life was grim (especially for women)
Rugged individualism became part of national character- Was this true? 32

33. II. Shaping the Western Landscape
People molded physical environment
Left behind fields destroyed by tobacco cultivation
Planted “Kentucky Bluegrass” from charred canfields,
trappers, mountain men had decimated beaver across the West
Buffalo, sea otters were hunted into near extension for their fur
Ecological Imperialism- exploitation of Americas natural bounty 33

34. II. Shaping the Western Landscape
Many Americans revered nature
American wilderness seen as unique to many Europeans
Wild unspoiled land one of the nations defining attributed- move west you can always start over
Inspired literature, painting and by the end of the 1800’s a conservation movement 34

35. III. The March of the Millions
Population doubling every 25 years
By 1860 there were 33 states, 4th most populous country in the world
Urban growth- by 1860 there were 43 cities with more than 20,000 (1790 only 3)
Urbanization brought problems (inadequate public services, poor housing)
1823 Boston developed first sewer system, NYC first piped in water supply 35

36. III. The March of the Millions
By 1840’s population growth comes from immigration
Most Irish and German
What caused them to come to America?
Europe had surplus of population, running out of room
America seen as land of opportunity
Freedom of European class system
Abundant, cheap land
No compulsory military service

37. IV. The Emerald Isle Moves West
Mid 1840’s potato crop failure pushes many out of Ireland
million Irish come to the United States
New comers too poor to buy land, stayed in cities on eastern seaboard (NYC largest Irish city in the world)
Irish had to take worst jobs, poorest housing- viewed as a social menace
Competed with African Americans for jobs (Irish did not support abolition)
Formed Irish only clubs (Ancient Order of Hibernians, Molly Maguire's)

38. IV. The Emerald Isle Moves West
Irish acquired property and improved lives in America
Politicians wanted to cultivate Irish vote
Many entered politics and gained control of political machines (NYC Tammany Hall)
Dominated police departments

39. V. The German Forty-Eighters
over 1.5 million Germans immigrated to US
Uprooted farmers, political refugees
German immigrants better off than Irish, had more money
Moved to Middle West, established farms
Less political power, widely scattered population

40. V. The German Forty-Eighters
Germans more educated than Irish, supported public schools
Were not supporters of slavery
Fled militarism of Europe, became isolationists
Language, culture viewed as suspicious by many
Settled in colonies, separate from surrounding community
Brought Old World drinking habits (brought beer to America

41. VI. Flare-ups of Antiforeignism
Immigration inflamed anti-foreign sentiment
Feared they would take jobs, worried about “popish” newcomers
1840’s Immigrants establish separate Catholic school system, protect children from Protestant indoctrination
By 1850 Catholics largest single religious group in America

42. VI. Flare-ups of Antiforeignism
“Nativists” rally for political action, form Know-Nothing Party 1849
Wanted restrictions on immigration, easier ways to deport “aliens”
Promoted literature to expose foreigners (most of it untrue)
Mass violence 1834, Catholic convent burned
1844 Philadelphia nativists, Irish Catholics riot
Effects of immigration
made America more pluralistic society
Growth of economy really did not jeopardize wealth of others
Labor of immigrants helped fuel economic expansion

43. VII. Creeping Mechanization
1750 Industrial Revolution begins in England with mass production of textiles
End of muscle, animal power beginning of machine power
Slow to catch on in US cheap land, labor scarce
Capital in short supply, raw materials in America were untapped
1840’s rise of immigration caused labor pool to grow

44. VIII. Whitney Ends Fiber Famine
Samuel Slater from England steals plans for first textile machines
1791 first efficient machine for spinning cotton
1793 Eli Whitney invents first cotton gin (separates cotton fiber from seeds, 50X more effective than human labor
Changed history of America made cotton growing profitable enterprise

45. VIII. Whitney Ends Fiber Famine
Slavery had been dying out
Invention of cotton gin caused more acres to be cleared -Cotton Kingdom moved westward (into AL, MS)
Cotton sent to mills in New England
Factories were established in Northeast
Little manufacturing in South, capital tied up in land and slaves
New England ideal for industrialization
soil too poor for farming,
dense population, markets available,
shipping allowed for export of finished products
large poor immigrant population for labor
rapid rivers good for water powered mills

46. IX. Marvels in Manufacturing
Consequences of embargo 1807 and War of 1812 was capital kept in America
Used to invest in American manufacturing
After war British flood America with cheap goods, Tariff of attempts to protect American manufacturing
Eli Whitney develops idea of mass produced interchangeable parts for muskets, by 1850 became the basis of mass production
Most factories located in the northeast (industrial plant of America)

47. IX. Marvels in Manufacturing
1846 Isaac Singer, Elias Howe invent sewing machine (mass production of clothes)
Patents increased 306 in 1800, 28,
Legal status of business organizations changed
Limited liability principle allowed investors to invest in companies
Companies could concentrate capital
Investment capital companies used in textiles, railroads, insurance and banking
1844 Invention of telegraph (Samuel Morse) brought world closer together (revolutionized exchange of information)

48. X. Workers and Wage Slaves
Industrial Revolution end of age of close personal relationships with boss
Spindle Cities grew up around factories to house workers
Hours long, wages low, poor working conditions
Could not form labor unions to improve life at work (criminal conspiracy)
Child labor a huge problem

49. X. Workers and Wage Slaves
Wages did rise (1820’s-1830’s)
More workers could vote
Supported Democratic Party of Jackson
Fight against all forms of privilege (Bank of US), reflected anxiety about new capitalist economy
1840 Van Buren reduces work day for federal workers, states eventually followed
Workers gained right to strike but usually lost
They could easily be replaced by workers “fresh off the boat” from Europe
Commonwealth vs. Hunt (1842), Mass; unions were not conspiracies

50. XI. Women and the Economy
Women left farms, went to work in factories
Gave them greater economic independence
Lowell Mills (Mass.) seen as a model workplace for “factory girls”
Factory provided income, protected morality
Overall employment opportunities for women were scarce
Influence of Harriet Beecher Stowe, many women became teachers (feminized profession)
Vast majority of working women single

51. XI. Women and the Economy
Women married, left jobs
Work as wives and mothers called “cult of domesticity”, glorified functions as a homemaker
Home was women’s sphere
Love determined choice of spouse
Nuclear family became closer
Home was a refuge from the industrial world
Number of children per family dropped
Domestic feminism in the home, growing power and influence of women
New ideas of raising children, family more child centered, affectionate
Children raised by morals of “modern family” were good citizens

52. XII. Western Farmers Reap a Revolution in the Fields
Farms were changing the West
Pioneer families planted corn, lots of it
Staple market item, had many uses
Western goods floated down Mississippi River
Fed the south
Western Farmers wanted to cultivate more acres but soil hard to break up
1837 John Deere introduces steel plow
1830’s Cyrus McCormick introduces mechanical reaper, could do the work of 5 men
Farmers could plant more land, rise of large scale cash crop agriculture for region
Farmers became businesspeople, looked east for a new market for their crops

53. XIII. Highways and Steamboats
Need for cheap and efficient carriers of products
1790’s Lancaster Turnpike first highway (charged toll and made a huge profit)
Turnpike building spurred western development, allowed for easy access to the West
Use of federal funds to build roads opposed by state’s righter's and Eastern states (fear of loss of population)
1811 Federal government builds Cumberland Road (finished 1852)

54. XIII. Highways and Steamboats
1807 Robert Fulton launches steamboat craze
Steamboats could travel upstream, against the current
Navigable rivers two way arteries of transportation
1820- sixty steamboats on Mississippi River
1860- over 1,000
Steamboats opened up West and South
Goods could be shipped out cheaply, quickly
Bring in manufactured goods
New population centers grew up along the banks

55. XIV. “Clinton’s Big Ditch” in New York
Canal cutting craze
New York financed building of Erie Canal, linked Great Lakes and Hudson River
Cost of shipping and time of transportation dropped
Value of land along canal went up, new cities (Rochester, Syracuse)
Interior cities population exploded (Chicago, Detroit, Cleveland)
Settlers migrated from northeast to Midwest

56. XVI. Iron Horse Railroad not limited by geography 1828 first RR in US
,000 miles of track, most of it in north
Faced opposition from canal backers, considered as public menace
Problems overcome by technology- differences in gauge (as time went by became more standardized), improvements in brakes, Pullman sleeping car introduced (1859)

57. XVII. Cables, Clippers and Pony Riders
1858- first trans-Atlantic telegraph cable connected Europe and US
1840’S-1850’s- “Golden Age of American Shipping”
Clipper Ships rapidly move freight across Pacific, eventually replaced by steam powered ships
1860- Pony Express established, folded after 18 months (telegraph better)
Dying technology of wind and muscle power, replaced by machines

58. XIV. The Transport Web Binds the Union
Before 1830 West linked to South by Mississippi River
Building of RR linked North to West, robbed Mississippi River of it’s traffic
NYC became major port of nation
Emergence of continental economy, each region specialized in economic activity

59. IXX. The Market Revolution
Market Revolution transformed country from small, scattered subsistence farmers and workshops into national network of industry and commerce
Questions over who should regulate economy? Who owns technology?
Supreme Court decisions sided with liberal state laws that encouraged greater competition in the marketplace “rights of the community”
Self sufficient households transformed
Wage earners went to work, made money and purchased manufactured goods
Home became a place of refuge from work, separate sphere for women
Gap between have and have-nots grew, greatest in cities
Rising wages helped diffuse potential conflict between classes

60. The Ferment of Reform And Culture
Chapter

61. I. Reviving Religion
Third revolution in antebellum period (political, economic) transformation of American character
More educated, upstanding, improve society
Promoted new religions, better public schools, rights for women, abstinence from alcohol and abolition of slavery
Drew reforming impulse from religion
Beginning in the 1790’s into early 19th century Second Great Awakening transformed place of religion in US

62. I. Reviving Religion
Most Americans in first half of 19th century attended church
Not old Puritan theology but new rational theology based on reason and science
Many Founding Fathers were supporters of Deism (Supreme Being endowed humans with capacity for moral behavior, belief in reason not faith)
Deism inspired Unitarianism
Unitarianism began in New England end of 1700’s
Stressed essential goodness of human nature, not hellfire doctrine of Calvinism

63. I. Reviving Religion
1800 new wave of revivals began on southern and western frontiers, called Second Great Awakening
Converted souls, reorganized churches and spawned numerous new sects
Affected many areas of American life from prison reform, the women’s movement and abolition of slavery
Spread through “camp meetings” that lasted several days
Many saved returned to old ways after meetings over, provided social outlet on lonely frontier

64. I. Reviving Religion
Methodists, Baptists gained most converts, each sect promoted personal salvation, democratic control over church affairs
Preachers called circuit riders
Charles Grandison Finney greatest of revival preachers, great orator
Became president of Oberlin College (Ohio), hotbed of abolitionism
Second G.A. caused feminization of religion, most ardent supporters of new religions and era’s reforms
Demonstrated ambivalence toward changing world (economic, industrial, market revolutions)

65. II. Denominational Diversity
Revivals caused fragmentation of religions
Western New York “Burned Over District” because so many preachers came and preached hellfire and damnation
1830’s- Millerites (Adventists) came from this region
Leader said Christ would return on a certain date, did not happen
Second G.A. widened lines between classes
Prosperous, conservative not affected by revivalism
Easterners, better educated
Methodists, Baptists form less prosperous, newly established regions
Less educated, less prosperous
Religions split over slavery issues (north and south

66. III. A Desert Zion in Utah
1830- Joseph Smith reported he received golden plates after a visit from an angel
Became Book of Mormon
Truly native American religion
Opposition to Mormon beliefs, ways caused group to migrate west
Antagonized non-Mormons, voting as a unit, practicing polygamy, cooperative economic practices
1844 Smith and brother murdered by a mob in Carthage, IL
Leadership of Mormons taken up by Brigham Young

67. III. A Desert Zion in Utah
Young leads Mormon pioneers to Utah
,000 settlers
Irrigation, hard work, luck, leadership of Young- community thrived, became a frontier theocracy
Clashed with Washington government, could not control Young
1857 send federal army to allow US appointed judges to serve, inability to conform to American standards of culture delayed statehood until 1896

68. IV. Free Schools for Free People
Tax supported primary schools for children of the poor, wealthy used private tutors
During first half of 1800’s tax supported schools seen as good for teaching American ways and democracy
Little red schoolhouse became a shrine of democracy
School teachers poorly trained, poorly paid
Reform brought by Horace Mann, campaigned for better school houses, better pay, expanded curriculum
Noah Webster, wrote school books designed to promote patriotism
William McGuffey (McGuffey’s Readers) lessons in patriotism

69. V. Higher Goals for Higher learning
Many small, denominational colleges established during this period in the South and West
First state supported universities established (University of North Carolina 1795, University of Virginia 1819)
Changes in curriculum from traditional religious training to modern languages and the sciences
Women’s education grew (frowned upon earlier)
Oberlin College in Ohio opened doors to women and blacks
Tax supported libraries, magazines, traveling lecturers expanded zeal for learning to wider audiences

70. VI. An Age of Reform
Reform campaigns inspired by religion sought to build a more perfect society
Appealed to middle class women as a way to escape home, enter arena of public affairs
Reformers wanted to reaffirm traditional values in a world disrupted and transformed by the changes brought by industrialization
Debtor’s prisons were abolished
Criminal punishment was reformed, idea of prison as place for reform established
Treatment of mentally ill, led by Dorthea Dix
Insane Asylums were places of brutal treatment and she campaigned to make them more humane, idea of mental illness born at this time

71. VII. Demon Rum-The Old Deluder
Drinking problem attracted attention of nation
Caused decrease in efficiency of labor, higher risk of accidents in new industrial machines
1826- American Temperance Society founded in Boston
Drinkers seen as scourge from Old World
Temperance pledges signed, “Cold Water Army”
Melodramatic books demonstrated evils of alcohol (Ten Nights in a Barroom and What I Saw There-1854)
Drinking dropped as the century wore on, so the movement worked

72. VIII. Women in Revolt
Women’s place was in the home, could not vote or own property
Legally regarded as minors
Changing economy separated men and women into different spheres
Women were artistic and refined, keepers of societies conscience
During antebellum period female reformers became more vocal
Most were from middle class families, white
Began to demand rights for women
Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Grimke sisters all fought for women’s rights (many had Quaker backgrounds and were abolitionists)
1848- Seneca Falls Convention
Women's Rights Convention, Stanton read “Declaration of Sentiments”, based on Declaration of Independence, “all men and women created equal”
Things changed for women by the eve of the Civil War some had property rights, beginning to gain admission to colleges- still they could not vote

73. IX. Wilderness Utopias
Over 40 cooperative communities established to live out the reform minded ideals of the age, most did not last long
1825- New Harmony, Indiana established by Robert Owen
1841 Brook Farm, Mass. Based on ideas of transcendentalism
1848- Oneida Community in NY practiced free love, selection of parents for superior offspring
Did better than most, manufactured goods that supported community
Shakers established by Mother Anne Lee, started in 1770’s and grew to almost 6,000 members, known for simple furniture
Communities that promised equality for all members
Many were in rural, isolated areas
Based on religious ideas and principles
Members typically worked common land and property
Many quickly ran into futility and failed because after the founder passed away each idealist had their own vision

75. X. The Dawn of Scientific Achievement
Early American inventions centered practical gadgets, not pure science (plow, mechanical reaper, etc.)
Some scientific talent in America
Most notably John J. Audubon, studied birds of America in detail
American medicine primitive and life was short (avg. 50 years)

76. XI. Artistic Achievements
American architecture copied European styles
Thomas Jefferson was the best American architect in early America
Competent painters, Gilbert Sullivan (portraits of Washington), John Trumbull (Revolutionary War scenes)
Hudson River School of painters, romanticized local landscapes (misty, foggy, rainy, man very small)
Competition for paintings comes from daguerreotype (crude type of photo)
Minstrel show, performers in “black face" became popular forms of entertainment

77. XII. Blossoming of National Literature
Most influential publications up to this point were political essays (Common Sense, Federalist)
Nationalism and spirit of independence after War of 1812 new group of writers emerged, “Knickerbocker Group”, Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, William Cullen Bryant
American themes of nature, the supernatural and individualism
Novels widely read in Europe, legitimized American literature
Natty Bumppo became the archetype of the American westerner

78. XIII. Trumpeters of Transcendentalism
Began in New England
Release from liberalizing straightjacket of Puritan ideology
Reaction to John Locke and that truth is acquired through the senses
Each person possesses an inner light or “Oversoul”
Beliefs included commitment to self- reliance, fundamental truth came form experience
Rejected authority and conventional wisdom
Best know Emerson, Thoreau
Thoreau lived in cabin on Walden Pond in Mass. For two years wrote Walden: Or Life in the Woods
Refused to pay poll tax in Mexican-American War, wrote essay On the Duty of Civil Disobedience
Idealistic tract promoting nonviolence
Thoreau saw civil disobedience as the right of individuals to refuse to obey laws they feel are unjust
Walt Whitman wrote Leaves of Grass, became poet laureate of democracy
Writings reflected leaving behind Old World, embracing new