Chronology from Columbus (1492) to the Plains Indian Wars (1890)

Chronology from Columbus (1492) to the Plains Indian Wars (1890)
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1492 Interaction between old and new worlds (smallpox to new; potato to old; etc.)—name this process Columbian Exchange Where: New World, Europe and Africa What: Columbus’s discovery in 1492 began an explosion of trade among Europe, the New World and Africa. That trade is known as the “Columbian Exchange.” Slaves were brought to the new world from Africa; sugar, rice, horses, cows, pigs, and disease (smallpox) were brought to the New World from Europe; and gold, silver, corn, potatoes and disease (syphilis) were carried from the New World back to Europe. Sig: Disease (smallpox) decimated Indian groups. The horse revolutionized Plains Indian culture. This international commerce is the beginning of what we would now call “globalization.” Note the racial and ethnic diversity that is automatically included in the “exchange.” Source: AP15 (includes a good chart of the “exchange”)

1500s Powerful Native American force going into decline (generally sided with British against French)—name them Iroquois Confederation (in what is now state of New York area, generally speaking) Iroquois Confederation- Late 1500’s Who: Five Native American Nations (Cayuga, Onondaga, Oneida, Mohawk, Seneca) Where: In the Mohawk Valley which is now New York What: The Confederation was a powerful force to oppose European encroachment. Fierce tribes fought other Native Americans, and then began fighting the French, English and Dutch for control of the fur trade. They fought for survival. During the American Revolution, the Confederacy split up with most supporting the British. Sig: Provided the largest organized resistance to the incoming Europeans in the colonial period, yet was at its peak just before the Europeans arrived. Source: AP40-41

1607 First permanent English settlement (look for gold; starve ; find tobacco)—name the town Jamestown Jamestown 1607 Who: The Virginia Company, John Smith Where: Jamestown, Virginia What: The Virginia Company sent young men, with no future in overpopulated England. They were lured by the Virginia Company with promises of land and wealth--much as people were lured to California during the Gold Rush. But there was no gold in Virginia, and these "prospectors" didn't know how to farm, didn't know how to hunt, and, possibly feeling betrayed by the Virginia Company's promises, and lacking any land of their own, were not known for their spirit of cooperation among themselves or with the local Indians of the Powhatan confederacy. They suffered greatly for several years until tobacco became available as a cash crop. While they did not discover gold, tobacco became an adequate substitute. Sig: Jamestown was the first permanent English settlement in the new world. Source: AP29

1608 French Canada founded (less settled; more trade oriented; Catholic)—name the town Quebec French colonization in Canada 1608 Who: Samuel de Champlain (Father of New France) Where: Quebec, Canada What: The French settled in Quebec the year after the founding of Jamestown. Sig: The French worked better with the Indians than the English or the Spanish, trading and intermarrying with the Indians. Quebec begins the French empire and the 150 years-long contest with the English for control of North America. Source: AP107

c. 1609 Spanish settle in southwest (NM)—name the town Santa Fe
Spanish settlement of Santa Fe 1609 What: While St. Augustine, Florida was the first permanent settlement, note that the Spanish founded Santa Fe in about 1609. Sig: The English, French, and Spanish all started important settlements about the same time ( ). Ultimately all three would fight for control of the North American continent. Source: Class notes

1620 Separatists-Mayflower Compact (agree to obey all “just and equal laws”)—name them Pilgrims Plymouth Settlement (1620) Who: Separatist pilgrims fleeing from Holland Where: Plymouth Bay What: The Separatists fled Europe for cultural and religious freedom in America. They agreed to the Mayflower Compact before landing, pledging to obey “all just and equal laws.” Sig: They weren't significant economically or numerically. However, they were very important morally and spiritually. The Mayflower Compact was crude but laid the foundations for democratic government. The Plymouth colony was merged with Massachusetts in 1691 when Massachusetts became a royal colony. Source: AP44-45

1624 Dutch settle what became New York—name the settlement
New Amsterdam Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam (New York) 1624 Who: The Dutch West India Company Where: New York (New Amsterdam) What: Company town: developed for economic benefits of fur trade. Later became aristocratic in its habits and attitudes, having no toleration for religious toleration, free speech, or democracy. Sig: Its bustling seaports brought many immigrants and great trade. Source: AP 56-58

1630 Boston-Affluent-Congregational-Families-intolerant (Williams, Hutchinson get kicked out)—what do you call this group? Puritans Puritans early settlement and religious intolerance within the colony Who: Puritans (not Separatists but those who wanted to “purify” the Church of England) Where: Massachusetts (Boston) When: 1630 What: They believed in the doctrine of a calling to do Gods work on earth. They had serious commitment to work yet they also enjoyed simple pleasures. They established a bible commonwealth with no tolerance for religious dissent (Williams, Hutchinson were banished for heresy). The colony was economically successful but religiously intolerant. Sig: Church members had rights (vote) as “freemen.” They were intolerant of others who did not share their beliefs. Source: AP47

1681 Penn grant from King-protect Quakers (pacifist influence here)—name the colony Pennsylvania William Penn’s Settlement of Pennsylvania 1681 Who: William Penn Where: Pennsylvania What: King Charles II awarded Penn a tract of land in 1681 to repay a debt owed to Penn’s father. Sig: Penn, representing persecuted Quakers, advertised Pennsylvania as a colony known for freedom and religious toleration. (Even though Penn was a Quaker, he enjoyed the King’s support.) Source: AP 59, 60

About 1660 to 1763 Name the theory (an “ism”): Eng/Britain gets raw materials; colony gets finished goods; keep other nations out of trading loop through answer to next slide Mercantilism Mercantilism—theory Where: British Empire (England to 1707: Britain thereafter) What: Justified British control over the colonies. This theory proposed that wealth was power and that a country’s economic wealth could be measured by the amount of gold or silver in its treasury. A favorable balance of trade must be created by exporting more expensive goods to colonies and importing less expensive raw materials from colonies. The mother country produced finished goods; colonies supplied markets for finished goods and raw materials. Gold and silver would flow to the mother country as a result (finished goods are more valuable than raw materials.) Trade within the empire should not permit outsiders (Dutch, French, Spanish) to profit, lest gold and silver be shifted to them. Sig: Mercantilism was the foundation for the economic relationship between the colonies and England up to the Revolution. Source: AP123

About 1660 to 1763 Examples: Navigation and Trade Acts
1--Molasses Act 1733 = 6p/gal not to be paid 2--ships to be owned by British, with mainly British crew and British captain 3--colonies can’t make finished iron products (iron bars OK) What do you call this? Navigation and Trade Acts Mercantilism in practice What: Navigation and Trade Acts brought mercantilism to life. The Navigation Acts from 1650 to 1663 required that all goods flowing to and from the colonies could be transported only in British ships. The captain of the ship must be English, and the crew must be ¾ English. Certain commodities must be shipped to England first before going to Europe from the colonies or to the colonies from Europe. Various Trade Acts included the hat and iron acts, which prohibited final colonial manufacture of hats and iron goods. Tariffs were imposed to protect British sugar planters, such as the Molasses Act of 1733 which imposed a duty of 6 pence per gallon on imported foreign molasses (thus favoring British molasses). The 6 pence was not meant to be paid and was, therefore, not really a tax. (When the Act was amended in 1764 to lower the rate to 3 pence per gallon, which was meant to be paid, the issue of taxation without representation arose and led in time to the Revolution.) Sig: The colonies did not object to Navigation and Trade Acts in part due to “salutary neglect” (weak enforcement of the acts), and the colonies smuggled around the acts anyway. Source: AP93, 123

17th, 18th centuries England (Britain after 1707) is lax in its enforcement of navigation and trade acts; Prime Minister Robert Walpole promoted this idea; the thriving colonies are left relatively unencumbered from royal and parliamentary control, thus fostering a spirit of independence, and, for practical purposes, independence in fact—name this Salutary (benign) neglect Salutary neglect What: Even though England believed in a system of Mercantilism, Sir Robert Walpole espoused a view of "salutary neglect.” This is a system whereby the actual enforcement of external trade relations was lax. He believed that this enhanced freedom for the colonists would stimulate commerce and be, in the end, beneficial to all. Sig: The colonies were allowed to trade freely in spite of trade acts. When after 1763 the British began serious enforcement of the trade acts, thus abandoning salutary neglect, the colonists were resentful, believing that their freedom was being eroded. Source:

1662 OK to baptize kids of unconverted parents (signals erosion of earlier church power)—name this Halfway Covenant The Half Way Covenant of 1662 Who: Troubled ministers of the Puritan church. Where: New England What: An agreement in response to the decline in “conversions.” Baptism in the church was extended to children of parents who were not able to experience the “evangelical experience” as did the first settlers from England did. Since full church membership was required for voting, this was an important issue. Sig: Ironically, it actually weakened the distinction between the elect and its members, therefore diluting the spiritual ‘purity’ of the first settlers. Source: AP79-80

17th Century Most immigrants to 1670s were indentured for about 7 years—what do you call this? Indentured Servitude Indentured Servitude (including increase in slavery after 1675) When: 17th and 18th centuries Who: Poor English Where: Colonies in America What: A majority of English migrants came to America as ‘Indentures’ and, in exchange for a paid passage, worked as servants for 4-7 years. Sig: Indentured servants were used as America’s main labor force before They were used to maintain the growing tobacco industry and to bring profit to their masters. The servants’ growing discontent and threatening behavior, a dramatic decrease in new indentures after prosperity to England returned in the 1670s, and the ever increasing wealth of masters led to a great increase in the African slave trade and the rise in the slave population from the 1680s on. Source: AP67-68, 70

Andros consolidates NE colonies—colonies resent—government collapses—name this government Dominion of New England Dominion of New England Who: Edmund Andros, Governor of the Dominion Where: New England What: The Dominion of New England was a short-lived administrative union of English colonies that was decreed by King James II. The Dominion of New England was governed by Edmund Andros. The dominion was created in an attempt to bolster the colonial defense in the event of war with the Native American and the French. It was also designed to promote urgently needed efficiency in the administration of the Navigation Acts. Sig: The Dominion of New England was disliked by the colonists because the dominion was enforcing the Navigation Acts which prohibited the colonist from trading with whom they wanted and forced them to rely on England. This anger eventually leads to the overthrow of Edmond Andros and the end of the Dominion of New England (which was linked to the Glorious Revolution occurring in England—the King was being overthrown in both England and New England). Source: AP53-55

17th/18th Centuries South = TRICS (what is TRICS?)
Tobacco, Rice, Indigo, Cotton, Sugar (do Tobacco in the Chesapeake colonies (MD and VA); do rice and indigo in the lower colonies (SC and GA); do cotton across the South after 1793; do sugar in the Southwest (LA) in 1800s Agricultural developments in colonies 1612 on Where: Mainly Southern and Middle Colonies What: Virginia and the south: tobacco, rice, indigo, sugar Middle colonies: rye, oats, barley, wheat, beef and pork Sig: The production of tobacco and food crops by hand methods created an insatiable demand for labor in the colonies forcing servants and slaves to be brought in, raising the population dramatically and making the economy flourish. Sources: Various

17th/18th Centuries Middle colonies (NY, NJ, Penn)= ROB the COW from the Hedgss (what does all this represent)—diverse folks do lots of different kinds of farming—name the people and the crops Rye, Oats, Barley, Corn, Wheat, Beef, Pork; Huguenots, English, Dutch, Germans, Swedes, Scot-Irish Agricultural developments in colonies 1612 on Where: Mainly Southern and Middle Colonies What: Virginia and the south: tobacco, rice, indigo, sugar Middle colonies: rye, oats, barley, wheat, beef and pork Sig: The production of tobacco and food crops by hand methods created an insatiable demand for labor in the colonies forcing servants and slaves to be brought in, raising the population dramatically and making the economy flourish. Sources: Various

17th and 18th Centuries Northern colonies—who were they and what did they do? Answer: Merchants, traders, shipbuilding, fishing, finance, slave trade Remember that there are always small farmers all around the country, so small farms do not help you pull the regions apart, which AP likes you to do Northern Merchants and Southern Planters What: The Northern colonies excelled in trading with both fellow colonies and overseas countries. Their expertise in both sailing and trading contributed to their long lasting success. Using their advantage of fertile soil, Southern Colonies practiced a completely different economy. Producing crops in demand like tobacco and rice, these colonies were able to establish a profitable agricultural economy. Sig: Both the Northern and Southern colonies established their economies early on, but with very different qualities, the North with merchant trade and South with plantation work. Because of these differences it was very easy for the two to rely on each other. However, eventually these differences would cause a rift between the two entities. Sources: Various

1624, 1691 Virginia becomes this in 1624, and Massachusetts becomes this in 1691 Crown colonies Virginia and Massachusetts as Royal Colonies What: Virginia and Massachusetts became royal colonies Why: Virginia was poorly managed and the Indian war eroded the colony’s credibility in London. Massachusetts got swept up in the governmental reorganization related to the Glorious Revolution that brought William and Mary to the throne. When: 1624 (Virginia) & 1691 (Massachusetts) Sig: Demonstrates the power of the King over previously corporate colonies Source: AP37

1660s onward VA leads way with 1662 law saying child retains condition of mother—what are we talking about here? Emergence of slavery as labor system of the South Emergence of Slavery – 1660s on Who: Africans, Colonists Where: Southern Colonies What: Slavery started for economic reasons. Rising wages in England (1670s) reduced the amount of people willing to become indentured servants to work in the new world. As cheap labor was needed for the tobacco and rice plantations, the need for slaves increased. Sig: Brought Africans to the colonies and sparked the Southern economy. Source: AP 70-71

17th and 18th Centuries Role of colonial cities—what was it?
Colonial cities were centers of an essentially agrarian society Colonial society: role of cities What: Colonial cities functioned as the center for entertainment, education, religion, politics and courts, commerce (retail shops, blacksmiths), and farm support. Sig: Colonial cities were the center of an essentially agrarian society. Source:

17th, 18th Centuries Role of women-what was it?
Fully ½ of marriage partnership; raise kids; farm as needed; make candles, soap (remember, this is largely a subsistance farming economy, where a family, including father, mother, and kids all contribute to the welfare of the farm home) Colonial Society: Role of Women Who: Women in Colonial Era Where: Colonial America What: Women were encouraged to marry early and have many children. Child rearing became their full time job. As married women, they were essential to the maintenance of the family unit, with the husband tending the fields and the wife performing all household tasks, including the manufacture of candles, soap, and clothing. Sig: Think of the married colonial women as fully one-half of an integrated economic unit. Thus her role was absolutely vital. Source: AP76-78

17th, 18th Centuries Married woman’s rights—what were they?
Fully subordinate to husband; no property rights in marriage (a little less rigid in the Southern colonies) Married Women Property Rights in Colonial America Who: Married Women in Colonial America What: Single women in the colonies did have property rights. Married women in the south often lost their husbands early and had the right to own property to support her family as a widow. Women in the north also had rights but most of them gave them up upon getting married out of the government’s fear that they would have conflicting interest with their husbands. Married women in particular were economically and legally subordinate to their husbands. Sig: Married women in particular suffered discrimination relating to property rights, even though laws were less restrictive in the south. Source: AP77-78

1676 Frontier poor in Western Virginia protest Berkeley policies; Gov. Berkeley crushes rebellion-name the event Bacon’s Rebellion Resistance to Colonial Authority: Bacon’s Rebellion 1676 Who: Nathaniel Bacon and single young freemen Where: Chesapeake Region, Virginia What: One thousand young men were forced into the back country in search of land where they were attacked by Native Americans. Because the governor would not retaliate, Bacon’s rebels went on a rampage of plundering and pilfering. They destroyed Native American settlements and chased Governor William Berkeley out of Jamestown. The rebellion was crushed. Sig: Bacon had ignited the smoldering resentments of poor, former indentured servants. These tensions between them and the gentry caused the plantation owners to look elsewhere (African slave trade) for workers. Source: AP68

1680 Popé successfully leads revolt against Spanish in Santa Fe—name the event Pueblo revolt Resistance to Spanish Colonial Authority: The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 Who: Pueblo people and Catholic Missionaries Where: New Mexico: Santa Fe to Taos What: Roman Catholic missionaries’ efforts to convert the native Indians and suppress their religious customs provoked the uprising, also call Pope’s Rebellion. Sig: The Pueblo Indians cut off all ties to the Roman Catholic missionaries, thus pushing them further west. It took the Spanish nearly half a century to fully reclaim New Mexico from Pueblo control. Source: AP22

1739 50 South Carolina slaves rebel; crushed; harsher slave codes enacted (no meetings; no read)—name the event Stono Rebellion Resistance to Colonial Authority: The Stono Rebellion 1739 Who: South Carolina slaves What: The Stono Rebellion was the largest slave uprising in the colonial period. Fifty South Carolina slaves marched towards Spanish Florida hoping for freedom, but got stopped by the militia in the process. (Many whites and slaves were killed.) Sig: Because of the rebellion, a harsher slave code was put into action. They were no longer able to assemble in groups, earn their own money, and learn how to read. Source:

Leisler overthrows Gov. Andros (Dominion of New England) in New York; he then resists new British govt. under William and Mary; he is hanged—name the event Leisler’s Rebellion Leisler’s Rebellion Who: Sir Edmund Andros, Jacob Leisler, New England and Chesapeake colonists Where: New York What: After the downfall of the highly unpopular King James II by the Glorious Revolution, Jacob Leisler led a rebellion and seized control of lower New York from Dominion of New England Governor Andros. His rebellion was smashed by the forces of the new King William. He was hanged. Sig: The rebellion represents the problem the English had in maintaining a far-flung empire. Source: AP53-55 and

18th Century Independent, tough, anti-king, anti-Anglican, frontier/backwoods people—name the ethnic group—name the people Scot-Irish Scots-Irish in the colonial backcountry-18th century Who: The Scot-Irish were hardy, independent, anti-authoritarian settlers in the colonial backcountry (western parts) of Pennsylvania, the Carolinas, Virginia, Georgia (along the Appalachians). They detested the Anglican Church and the King of England due to religious and economic persecution. While independent, they generally supported the patriot cause against the King. Sig: They represented a significant part of the backcountry population in colonial America Source: AP 86-87

17th, 18th Centuries 1-Goods from Europe shipped to Africa; 2-slaves shipped to colonies; 3-rum/raw materials shipped to Europe—what is the name of this trade? Triangular Trade Triangular Trade in the colonial period 17th/18th c. What: On the initial passage, goods were carried from Europe or the American colonies to Africa: on the infamous “middle passage,” slaves were carried to the new world (Caribbean, for example): on the third passage, sugar and other plantation products were carried back to Europe or to the American colonies. Sig: The triangular trade stimulated the global economy and greatly promoted slavery. (The international slave trade was abolished by U.S. law in 1808.) Source: Class notes

17th and 18th centuries Congregationalist = North; Quaker, Catholic, Meth, Pres = Middle; Anglican = So.—what is going on here? Religious diversity Religious diversity in the colonies (by region: New England, Mid-Atlantic, and South) What: There was great religious diversity in the colonies: Puritans or Congregationalists dominated in New England; various denominations could be found in the Middle colonies (Methodists, Baptists, Presbyterians, Quakers, Catholics); and Anglicans (Church of England) dominated in the South. Sig: More so than other countries, the American colonies were a land of religious diversity and (excepting Jews) religious toleration. Source: Class notes

1730s-1740s 1st mass movement causes decline in authority of existing church as people convert—name it (first) Great Awakening The Great Awakening of the 1730’s-1740’s Who: Jonathan Edwards (pastor & theologian) and other pastors, George Whitefield Where: Started in Northampton, Massachusetts, spread to the rest of New England What: Unlike the preaching styles of older clergy, Edwards’s new unconventional preaching style emphasized a direct, emotive, spirituality that was seriously ignored by older clergy. Powerful evangelical preaching convicted sinners and brought them to conversion and a new understanding of faith. Sig: It was the first mass movement and religious upheaval within the colonies which reduced the influence of the established church and strengthened the power of ordinary people. Source: AP96-97,104

18th century God is nothing but cosmic watchmaker who does not actively intervene in world—name this “ism” Deism Deism What: Deism accepts the existence of a God on the evidence of reason and nature only, with rejection of supernatural revelation (distinguished from theism). God created the world but does not immediately intervene in the life of an individual. Jefferson was a Deist. Sig: While some, including Jefferson, were not “Christian,” most people in colonial America generally accepted the existence of God. Source:

Free speech case; he is acquitted (not guilty) on libel charge—who is he? John Peter Zenger John Peter Zenger ( ) Who: John Peter Zenger Where: New York Colony What: A legal case--a newspaper printer (Zenger) was charged with seditious libel when he criticized the corrupt government. Andrew Hamilton defended him and Zenger was found not guilty. Sig: Freedom of the press, helped establish the doctrine that true statements about public officials could not be prosecuted as seditious libel. Source: AP

1741 Slaves and poor whites burn New York City—whites are very fearful—name the event New York Conspiracy Trials New York Conspiracy Trials (1741) What: Slaves and poor whites in New York City set several fires in protest to bad economic conditions. Over 150 were arrested; many were hanged or burned. Sig: In view of recent slave rebellions in South Carolina and the Caribbean, whites feared a slave rebellion in New York. The conspiracy trials reflected that fear. Source:

War for empire between Britain and France; French lose; Brits need to raise money—name the war French and Indian War French and Indian War/Seven Years’ War ( ) Who: Britain and France (in America), Britain, France, Spain, Prussia, Russia, and Austria (in Europe and other continents) Where: Ohio Valley and Canada What: The French and British wanted the same piece of land—notably the Ohio River Valley. War with France was declared, not only in the America’s, but also on other continents. The British attacked France in the Quebec-Montreal region of Canada. The British took the city of Quebec. Then, in 1760, Montreal also fell to the British. Sig: With the fall of Quebec and Montreal came France’s permanent removal from the North American continent. The war cost the British too much money, and the British looked to the colonies to support the financial burdens of empire, which in turn led to the issue of “taxation without representation,” and ultimately, to the American Revolution. Source: AP

1763 Ends Fr. and Indian War; Britain gets all to Mississippi (Spain west of Mississippi)—name the treaty Treaty of Paris Treaty of Paris 1763 What: The Treaty of Paris of 1763 ended the French and Indian War and made Britain the dominant European power in eastern North America. France relinquished its claims to New France and all French territory east of the Mississippi River to Britain. Spain gave Florida to Britain, and as compensation, took over French Louisiana west of the Mississippi, thus solidifying its claim to all of western North America. Sig: Britain had begun as a relatively insignificant country in 1600, but by 1763 it had become an influential European nation and a major colonial power. Source: Encarta

Acts of Britain to manage empire and pay war debts—what do we call this? Imperial Reorganization Imperial Reorganization of What: Britain tightened its control on the American colonies, mostly motivated by debt caused by the French and Indian War. Include here the authorization to send 10,000 troops to the colonies, the Proclamation of 1763 (closes trans-Appalachia to settlement), the Currency Act of 1764 (no more paper money), and the Sugar Act of 1764 (changes Molasses Act of ‘33 from trade act to revenue act). Sig: Britain’s tightening control eventually leads to America’s fight for independence, motivated by the infringement of colonial rights. Source:

1763 Ottawa Chief leads attacks on British posts and forts in the West—name him Pontiac This relates immediately to the background to Proclamation of 1863.

1763 Indian threat (Pontiac-1763) causes king to say no settlers beyond Appalachians—what do we call the King’s action? Proclamation Line Proclamation Line of 1763 Who: King George III Where: Along the crest of the Appalachian Mountains What: The King prohibited settlement in the area beyond the Appalachians as a reaction to Pontiac’s Rebellion. The purpose was to work out the “Indian problem” fairly and prevent another bloody eruption such as Pontiac’s. Sig: Americans charged west despite the proclamation, as they saw the west as their birthright. This signified the American’s defiance, and the early beginnings of separation from Britain. Source: AP121

1764 Colonists can’t use paper money to pay debts; colonists don’t have gold; big pain—name the act Currency Act Part of Imperial Reorganization. See three slides up.

1764 Brit needs money; reduces tariff on foreign molasses from 6p to 3p/gallon = TAX—name the act Sugar Act [Recall that the ’33 Molasses Act tariff of 6p/gal was not meant to be paid; the ’64 tariff of 3p/gal was meant to be paid and was therefore a tax.] See Imperial Reorganization slide.

1765 Direct tax on some colonial paper [colonies = no tax w/o rep; and can’t be rep!!!]—name the act Stamp Act Stamp Act (1765) What: The Seven Years’ War had left Britain with a large debt. In order to pay it off, Parliament passed the Stamp Act. Stamps were required on bills of sale for about fifty trade items as well as on certain types of commercial and legal documents, including playing cards, pamphlets, newspapers, diplomas, bills of lading (documents that list goods to be shipped), and marriage licenses. Colonists used 1) violence (Sons of Liberty) to prevent collection, 2) nonimportation agreement, 3) Stamp Act Congress, asserting no taxation without representation and that the colonies could not be represented in Parliament [note revolutionary consequence of Stamp Act Congress resolves]. Sig: The Stamp Act was a direct blow to the colonist’s rights, bringing cries of "no taxation without representation.” The Stamp Act Congress of 1765 was formed because of it. The colonists eventually forced a nullification of the tax. This was an early beginning of a separation from Britain.

1766 Stamp Act repealed but this act says Parliament can bind colonies in all cases—name the act Declaratory Act Declaratory Act 1766 What: Parliament repealed the Stamp Act but passed the Declaratory Act, stating that it had the right to bind the colonies “in all cases whatsoever” (that is, including taxation). Sig: Between the Stamp Act resolves and the Declaratory Act, a showdown was bound to occur [remember that this is a question of sovereignty, i.e., who is in control of the land and the people]. Source: AP128

1760s on Members of Parliament represent all British citizens, even those who can’t vote—what is this called? Virtual representation Virtual Representation in 1760’s Who: Prime Minister George Grenville Where: Britain What: This theory states that the members of Parliament represent all British people, even those living in America who do not vote for members of Parliament. Sig: Grenville claimed this theory in response to the colonists’ outrage at being taxed by the Stamp and Quartering Acts of The Americans said that Parliament should not be allowed to tax them because there were no American representatives. This eventually led to the Americans rejecting Parliament’s influence and power. Source: AP126

1767 Tariffs for revenue on glass, lead, paint, paper, tea [opposed by colonies]—name the act Townshend Acts Townshend Acts 1767 Who: Charles Townshend, Chancellor of the Exchequer What: Imposed duties on glass, lead, paper, paints, and tea imported into the colonies. Townshend thought that an indirect tax (tariff) on the colonists would not cause problems. However, the colonies still fought back with no taxation in any form without representation (the colonists did not accept the distinction between direct (Stamp Act) and indirect (tariff) taxation. A tariff for protection, not meant to be paid, was not a tax in the colonial mind. A tariff for revenue, meant to be paid, was a tax. (Thus the Sugar Act of 1764, which lowered the prohibitive tariff of 1733 on foreign molasses from 6 pence per gallon to a revenue producing tariff of three pence per gallon on foreign molasses, signaled a shift in purpose on the part of Parliament and the beginning of the taxation dispute between the colonies and Parliament.) Sig: While the duties were repealed in 1770 (except on tea), the Townshend Acts stimulated the taxation discussion that in the end would result in the Boston Tea Party, the Coercive Acts, and Revolution. Source: AP128

1773 Sons of Liberty dressed as Indians toss tea into Boston Harbor—name the event Boston Tea Party Boston Tea Party 1773 Who: Sons of Liberty Where: Boston Harbor What: Angered by British taxation, most notably on East India Company tea, the Sons of Liberty decided to sneak aboard a British ship bearing tea and dump the cargo overboard. Sig: This action lead to the British Parliament closing the Harbor and passing the Intolerable Acts, one of the causes of the war. Source: AP132-33

Sam Adams organizes the first; communications fostered among towns, and then among colonies; used to promote opposition to British policies—what do we call these? Committees of Correspondence Committees of Correspondence of Who: Samuel Adams What: Samuel Adams organized the first committee in Boston in Committees soon spread to other towns and then to all of the colonies. Sig: The Committees fueled opposition of British policy, kept up communications among the colonies, and evolved into the First Continental Congress (called to respond to the Intolerable Acts). Source: AP130

1774 Extends Quebec down to Ohio River; colonists resented—name the act Quebec Act Quebec Act 1774 What: Act by Parliament establishing governance of Quebec and extending the boundary of Quebec all the way down to the Ohio River. The act was aimed at insuring the loyalty of the Quebec colonists (respecting the Roman Catholic Church) and providing for the civil administration of Quebec. Sig: The American colonists saw the Act as an attempt to stop their westward expansion because it incorporated large parts of the Ohio Country into Quebec. Many were alarmed by the spread of the Catholic faith. (Combine the Quebec Act and the Coercive Acts into the “Intolerable Acts.”) Source: AP133 (see map on page 133 for a good visual)

1774 Four acts designed to bring colonies into compliance after tea party—name them Coercive Acts (add Quebec Act and you have the Intolerable Acts) See next four slides.

1774 Coercive Act #1 Must get governor’s approval to have town meetings; governor’s council, previously elected, now appointive—name the act Massachusetts Government Act Massachusetts Government Act 1774 Where: Massachusetts What: The Act did away with elections for the Governor’s council (making council appointed by the King) and restricted any meeting of the leadership of the colony to requiring official sanction. Sig: This act worked to severely restrict the colonists’ governance of the Massachusetts Bay Colony and spread anger against the crown. Source: AP133-34

1774 Coercive Act #2 Closes port of Boston until tea paid for; cripples Boston trade—name the act Boston Port Act Boston Port Act 1774 What: A response to the Boston Tea Party, it outlawed the use of the Port of Boston until such time as payment was made to the King's treasury (for customs duty lost) and to the East India Company for damages suffered. Sig: Closure of the port of Boston was an economic disaster for Massachusetts. Source: AP132

1774 Coercive Act #3 Royal officials can be tried in England for crimes committed in Massachusetts—name the act Administration of Justice Act Administration of Justice Act Where: Massachusetts What: A British officer or official accused of a capital (someone is killed) crime can be tried in either a British court or a court in another colony. This angered the citizens of Massachusetts Bay because witnesses of the situations would not appear in trial, and thus the defendant would most likely be declared not guilty. This seemed to the colonists to be a denial of justice and the legalization of what could be called murder. Source:

1774 Coercive Act #4 Troops can now be housed in occupied houses, including homes—name the act Quartering Act 4 Quartering Act 1774 Where: 13 American Colonies What: This act went further than previous acts by requiring the colonies to provide food and housing to British troops in occupied buildings, including private homes. (Previous quartering required that soldiers be housed in public inns, taverns, or unoccupied buildings.) Sig: The British government made yet another intrusion on American lives. Soldiers could now have a place to stay even where they weren’t invited, and the colonists had to pay for it. This angered the Americans further and was one of the reasons for the American Revolution. Source: AP132

1690 Philosophy of American Revolution: Slide #1
Life, liberty, property = natural rights; abolish govt. that is destructive of these Name the man who wrote the Treatise on Civil Government that lifted up these points John Locke (Recall that Jefferson said the Declaration of Independence is “pure Locke”) “Philosophy of the American Revolution” #1: John Locke Who: John Locke Where: England (philosophies spread through the colonies) What: Locke’s theories on natural rights were part of colonial arguments. “Natural rights” is part of a political theory that states when individuals enter into society they have basic rights that no government can take away. Sig: Locke’s philosophy (see his Treatise on Civil Government, 1690) was the foundation for the American Revolution. That is, when government becomes destructive of certain ends (life, liberty, property), the people have the right to abolish it. Source: Locke’s Treatise on Civil Government, 1690

Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau proposed that the people are source of all government power—what is the name of this principle? Popular sovereignty (Little ‘ole me—all political power is in my hands—wow!) “Philosophy of the American Revolution” #2: Popular Sovereignty Who: Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau What: A doctrine (that is closely associated with the social contract) that the state is created by and subject to the will of the People, who are the source of all political power. Contrast this with monarchy, where the people may have no formal voice in governmental affairs Sig: Once Americans, as a whole, accepted the ideas of Popular Sovereignty, they started molding the foundations for a democratic political system (which was, of course, republican in form—republican meaning that the people vote for representatives who then make political decision). Source: Britannica

Government does only what sovereign people tell it to do—what is the principle? Limited government “Philosophy of the American Revolution” #3: Small, Limited Government What: Limited government is a system of government that is bound to specifically defined principles of action by a written constitution. Sig: The concept of limited government flows naturally from the assumption of popular sovereignty: If the people are sovereign, then any powers held by government are "given on loan” and cannot detract from the people's innate sovereignty. Therefore such powers are inherently limited. Source: Britannica

Summary of philosophy of American Revolution
Name the three elements mentioned in the last three slides that represent the philosophy of the American Revolution Natural Rights, popular sovereignty, and limited government No note here.

1774 The body was convened to respond to Coercive Acts—name the body
First Continental Congress Congresses (First and Second) and Congress under the Articles of Confederation Who: First Continental Congress: September 5-October 26, Second Continental Congress 1775 to 1781 Congress under the Articles of Confederation Where: Philadelphia What: The First Continental Congress met to develop a common colonial response to the Coercive Acts recently passed by Parliament. An advisory council rather than an empowered legislature, the Congress (as it came to be called) included delegates from twelve of the American colonies; Georgia did not participate. Congress advised each colony to form a militia, organized an association to enforce strict economic sanctions against Britain, and recommended that Massachusetts, the focus of the Coercive Acts, form an independent government. After issuing addresses to the king and to the British and American people, the delegates agreed to meet again in May 1775 if their grievances had not been resolved. By the time the Second Continental Congress convened in Philadelphia in May 1775, fighting had taken place at Lexington and Concord. Congress quickly assumed responsibility for coordinating the rebellion, starting with the raising of a Continental army. A year later the Second Continental Congress took the final step toward separation by officially adopting the Declaration of Independence on July 4, The Second Continental Congress fought the War until superseded by the Congress created when the Articles of Confederation were ratified in The Congress under the Articles ( ) perpetuated the wartime balance of power, keeping the central government politically and financially dependent on the states. Yet Congress under the Articles did manage to prosecute the war successfully and could point to a number of other important achievements, including the Land Ordinance of 1785, the Northwest Ordinance of 1787, and the complicated handling of land disputes among the states. Sig: The various congresses reflect the hesitant yet practical movement towards a unified nation. While the states retained sovereignty (until ratification of the Constitution in 1788), the congresses did a great deal of important work, including moving the colonies from British colonies to an independent nation called the United States of America. Thus the congresses contributed mightily to the formation of a strictly American identity. Source: Class notes

Fights the war from 1775 to 1781; declares independence, advises states to draft constitutions, drafts a constitution (the Articles of Confederation)—name the body Second Continental Congress See slide above.

Before July 4, 1776 Right before the Declaration of Independence, she wrote to her husband, “in the new code of laws which I suppose it will be necessary for you to make, I desire you would remember the ladies.” Who is she? Abigail Adams Abigail Adams Who: Wife of President John Adams. In 1776, right before the Declaration of Independence, she wrote to her husband, “in the new code of laws which I suppose it will be necessary for you to make, I desire you would remember the ladies.” Sig: She saw the implications of revolutionary ideas for changing the status of women. Link to Republican Motherhood and improved educational opportunities for women. Source: AP130, 147

7-4-76 Colonies declare independence from Great Britain over a year after war starts—name the document Declaration of Independence Declaration of Independence--July 4, 1776 What: The Second Continental Congress approved an official document declaring independence from Great Britain, including justification for the rupture. Sig: Arguably the most significant document in U.S. history, the declaration placed the colonies in open rebellion against the mother country, with the consequence being that armed conflict would determine the final outcome. War would decide the question: Who is sovereign? Source: AP145

1777--October Great U.S. victory in upstate New York—leads to Franco-American alliance in 1778—name the battle Saratoga Saratoga October 1777 Who: Horatio Gates and Benedict Arnold (U.S.), John Burgoyne (British) Where: Saratoga, New York What: General Burgoyne surrendered a large British army at Saratoga, New York, on October 17, This was one of the most significant battles in U.S. history because it stopped the British invasion from Canada, lifted sagging American morale, and led to the treaties of military alliance and friendship/commerce with France in 1778 Sig: The battle convinced the French that the Americans were capable of winning, which led to the treaties between the French and the U.S. a few months later. Source: AP152-54

Congress under the articles had some problems that can be remembered using the Lum words. What are those silly words Answer: WART.Com +no E and no J Congress can’t declare war, tax, regulate commerce; Congress can’t ensure domestic tranquility (the dot), and there is no executive or judicial Articles of Confederation March 1, 1781, to June 21, 1788 What: The Articles was the first written constitution of the United States. Fearing central government at a time of war against what was perceived to be a despotic central government (Britain), the Second Continental Congress proposed a loose confederation of sovereign states that would not have the power to declare war, impose taxes, and regulate commerce. There was no provision for an executive or judicial (WART.COM + no E or J.) In spite of these weaknesses, the congress under the Articles brought the Revolutionary War to a successful conclusion, got the states to relinquish western land claims to the national government, passed the Land Ordinance of 1785, and passed the Northwest Ordinance of 1787. Sig: The Articles provided a frame of government under which sovereign states could operate during a most difficult period in the history of the United States. In providing experience to members of congress and the states in the weaknesses of a loose confederation, the Articles served the added purpose of helping national leaders to understand what a good constitution should include (which helps to explain why the present Constitution is so good). Source: AP172-73

1776-1783 Revolutionary War diplomacy with the French—comment
France allies with U.S. in 1778 after Saratoga; provides troops, supplies, ships; French aid essential Revolutionary War diplomacy: the Franco-American Alliance of 1778 What: France, thirsting for revenge against the British, provided Americans with supplies, and then officially became allied with the colonies in Both sides agreed to not end the war without the other’s consent [a pledge broken by the United States and not to France’s dismay (France could not deliver Gibraltar to Spain and the separate peace between the United States and Britain that ended the war also ended a problem for the French)]. The treaty was made possible as a result of the American victory at Saratoga the previous October (1777). Sig: Without French help the colonies and then the United States may not have been able to win the war. Further, the treaty became a sticking point between France and the U.S. in the 1790s, when France wanted U.S. assistance in the Caribbean in fighting the British. (The treaty was cancelled in 1800 by the Convention of 1800.) Source: AP ; class notes

Mistreated within colonies; U.S. breaks ’83 treaty promise to restore property-who are they? Loyalists Loyalists during the Revolutionary War Who: Colonials loyal to the king What: Loyalists were colonials who were still loyal to the British king. Those who were in America under British rule, such as officers and officials, were also labeled Loyalists. The Loyalists were called “Tories,” opposing the Patriots, or “Whigs.” Tories were defined by patriots as “a thing whose head is in England and its body in America, and its neck ought to be stretched.” When the war was under way, loyalists were persecuted and driven from the U.S. Some Loyalists fought against the colonies. Sig.: The colonies and then the U.S. mistreated Loyalists, a thorny issue with the British after the war. (The U.S. could not restore Loyalists’ properties and the British would not evacuate posts in the west, as agreed to in the Treaty of Paris of 1783.) Source: AP

1783 Britain recognizes U.S. sovereignty and independence; war over; U.S. wins—name the treaty Treaty of Paris Treaty of Paris 1783 Who: Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, John Jay representing the U.S. What: This treaty ended the Revolutionary War between the U.S. and Britain. Also, the boundaries were set, from the Mississippi on the west, to the Great Lakes on the north, and to Spanish Florida on the South. (Recall that the Treaty set the southern border at the 31st parallel, while Spain independently claimed that West Florida went up to 32º28″-- an issue finally resolved in U.S. favor with the Pinckney Treaty of 1795.) America agreed to stop persecution of Loyalists, and Congress was to recommend to the state legislatures that the confiscated Loyalist property to be restored. Debts to British creditors should also be paid. Britain pledged to get out of western forts. (U.S. treatment of the loyalists and British withdrawal from the forts became sources of friction.) Sig: Britain recognized the independence and sovereignty of the United States after almost eight years of being at war. The U.S. entered the world stage as a new nation with the Treaty. Source: AP159-60

1776-81 State constitution making--comment
Second Continental Congress says (1776) states should draft new constitutions ; states draft constitutions republican in form, with bills of rights Constitution making in the states 1776 on What: After the Declaration of Independence, the Continental Congress asked the states to prepare new constitutions. Eleven of the states did so, and most of these documents included a bill of rights, specifically guaranteeing long-prized liberties against legislative encroachment. As written documents, they were intended to be fundamental law, above or superior to laws that might be subsequently written by a legislature. Sig: Constitution making in the states prepared the “founding fathers” for the job they eventually did in Philadelphia in the summer of 1787 when they drafted the U.S. Constitution. The reason the Constitution is so good is that the people who drafted it were experienced at the state level (and they had immediate knowledge of the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation). Source: AP168

U.S. organizing document (constitution); WART.COM + no E = no J—name the document Articles of Confederation Articles of Confederation March 1, 1781, to June 21, 1788 What: The Articles was the first written constitution of the United States. Fearing central government at a time of war against what was perceived to be a despotic central government (Britain), the Second Continental Congress proposed a loose confederation of sovereign states that would not have the power to declare war, impose taxes, and regulate commerce. There was no provision for an executive or judicial (WART.COM + no E or J.) In spite of these weaknesses, the congress under the Articles brought the Revolutionary War to a successful conclusion, got the states to relinquish western land claims to the national government, passed the Land Ordinance of 1785, and passed the Northwest Ordinance of 1787. Sig: The Articles provided a frame of government under which sovereign states could operate during a most difficult period in the history of the United States. In providing experience to members of congress and the states in the weaknesses of a loose confederation, the Articles served the added purpose of helping national leaders to understand what a good constitution should include (which helps to explain why the present Constitution is so good). Source: AP172-73

1785 Survey western lands; 36 sq. mile townships; one section for education; great law—name it Land Ordinance of 1785 Land Ordinance of 1785 What: Law passed by Congress that allowed for sales of land in the Northwest Territory to pay off the national debt. To avoid land disputes, land was to be surveyed into 36 square mile townships, with the sixteenth section (one square mile) reserved for public education. Sig: This law laid the foundation of American land policy and was a great achievement of the government under the Articles of Confederation. Source: AP174

1787 Up to five state to come out of northwest territory; no slavery; fugitive slave provision—name the law Northwest Ordinance Northwest Ordinance of 1787 Where: Applied to the Old Northwest What: The Ordinance prohibited slavery in the Northwest Territory (which became the future states Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Wisconsin, and part of Minnesota). When an area had 5,000 people, it could become a territory. When it had 60,000, it could become a state on an equal footing with older states. As many as five states could be carved out of the Territory. Sig: The principles in the Northwest Ordinance were later used for the rest of the American territories. This law was a great achievement of the government under the Articles. Source: AP174s

Farmers in Western Massachusetts rebel, prevent courts from meeting and foreclosing on farms; put down by Mass. Militia; shows weakness of Articles—name the event Shays Rebellion Shays Rebellion Who: Daniel Shays and his supporters (poor farmers and veterans) Where: western Massachusetts What: Shays and the poor men that rose with him wanted cheap paper money, lighter taxes, and a suspension of property takeovers. To prevent foreclosures, they prevented courts from meeting. A rebellion was developing. Sig: This rebellion, smashed by Massachusetts militia, made very clear that there were major problems with the Articles of Confederation. Specifically, there was no provision in the Articles for the U.S. to come to the aid of Massachusetts. This problem is solved and reflected in Article IV of the Constitution, written just a few months after the end of the Shays Rebellion. Article IV provides that the U.S. will protect the states against domestic violence. Source: AP

1787--Constitution Senate = 2/state; House representation based on population of state—what do we call this? Great Compromise The Great Compromise: 1787: the U.S. Constitution—writing of Who: The Philadelphia Convention (mandated to revise the Articles, the convention went on to write the Constitution) What: The Constitutional Convention decided that states would be represented in two separate bodies in the congress. In the Senate, each state would be given two representatives no matter how big or small; and in the House, the number of representatives would depend on the population of the state. It was agreed that every tax bill or revenue measure must start in the House. Sig: This compromise settled an argument between large and small states. Source: AP180

1787--Constitution For taxes and representation in the House of Representatives, 3/5ths of slave population can be counted—what do we call this? 3/5 Compromise The 3/5 compromise 1787: the U.S. Constitution—writing of What: Southern states wanted slaves to count as people so they could have greater representation in the House, but the Northern states argued that slaves were property, not people. The 3/5 compromise stated that when counting total population in a state, slaves would be counted as 3/5 of a person. This increased the power of Southern slaveholding states in the House of Representatives. Sig: Solved the problem of representation for the present, but put off the overall problem of slavery to be solved later. Source: AP181

1787--Constitution States choose electors who vote for president and vice president—what do we call this? Electoral College “Electoral College” 1787 What: Each state is given the number of electoral votes for however many senators and representatives the state has in congress. Electors are chosen by the state (and each state chose to have the people vote for electors) and those electors vote for president and vice president. This became known as the “electoral college.” The original intent of having electors and not the people choose the president was to guard against mob excesses. The electors represented an intermediate body that would moderate popular passions and be more deliberative. (Recall that the people chose only members of the House in the original Constitution.) Sig: The Electoral College is still used today in presidential elections. Also, note that the people do not vote directly for president—states have enacted laws to let the people vote for electors, then the electors vote for pres/vice pres. Source: AP181

What are the names of the two groups who either supported or opposed ratification of the Constitution? Answer: Federalists (pro) and Anti-Federalists (con) Federalists v. Anti-Federalists Who and what: Federalists supported a stronger federal government and argued in favor of ratification of the Constitution. Anti-Federalists believed that the Constitution was drawn up by aristocratic elements and anti-democratic. They believed it was wrong to take away sovereignty from the states and that individual rights were being jeopardized because there was no bill of rights. Anti-Federalists tried to discourage states from ratifying the Constitution, while Federalists promoted the Constitution. Sig: The Federalists won the argument after agreeing to a Bill of Rights (as amendments to the Constitution). Also, in this Federalist-Anti-Federalist argument of the day ( ), one can see the beginnings of what became the split between the Jeffersonians and the Hamiltonians, with the former supporting small, limited government and the later supporting strong and energetic government. Source: AP182-83

1787-88 Name two reasons why Anti-Federalists opposed ratification
1--Too strong of a central government and 2--there was no provision for a bill of rights (remember that the states put bills of rights in their constitutions) No note here.

Name the 85 essays written by Hamilton, Madison, Jay to support ratification of Constitution The Federalist, or The Federalist Papers The Federalist Papers (also known as The Federalist) Who: Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison Where: New York What: Deeply upset that New York would not ratify the Constitution, Hamilton, Madison, and Jay wrote a series of 85 articles in New York newspapers that supported ratification of the Constitution. Sig: These editorials helped with the ratification of the Constitution in New York and then later in Virginia, two very important states for the very existence of the United States. These papers became the most penetrating and authoritative commentary written on the Constitution. Source: AP

1791 1st ten amendments protect freedoms of speech, religion, life, liberty, property—what do we call them? Bill of Rights Bill of Rights 1791 Who: James Madison What: Written by James Madison, the Bill of Rights is more formally known as the first ten amendments to the Constitution. These amendments protect the freedoms of the American people from encroachment by Congress (and, in 2006, by the states). Examples of these are: freedom of religion, assembly, press, petition, speech; trial by jury; due process (protects life, liberty, property). Sig: State constitutions frequently included a bill of rights. Opponents of the Constitution wanted a bill of rights included before they would support ratification. The Bill of Rights, ratified in 1791, is part of the Constitution that created a stronger central government while protecting individual rights. Source: AP192

1790 Fund national debt at par; assume state debts; good for speculators and rich; tie wealthy to national government—name the report Hamilton’s Report on Public Credit #1 Hamilton’s Three Reports What: Hamilton’s plan submitted to Congress in order to bring about healthy change in a debt-ridden and somewhat disjointed nation. His plan included arguments for public credit (funding and assumption)—this is Report on Public Credit #1; a national bank—this is Report on Public Credit #2; and the encouragement of manufacturing and internal improvements—this is Report on Manufacturing. Sig: This plan would bind the country together through a nation-wide public scheme, instead of the states wallowing in their own economic ruin, Hamilton suggested the new federal government take control and pass legislation that would favor all relatively wealthy Americans throughout the nation. He did not have a solely right-side vision: His plan for promoting manufacturing and internal improvements, while not approved by Congress, when linked to his public credit and bank reports, which were approved by Congress, would have created an integrated national economy favoring all sections of the nation, including the south and west. Source: AP193-94 Report on Public Credit #1 Who: Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of Treasury What: This first part of the plan was aimed at public credit. Split into two parts, “funding at par” and assumption, it restored the value of the dollar and relieved state debts, respectively. With “funding at par,” the government was to pay all national debts at face value with accumulated interest by levying taxes on items such as whiskey (see Whiskey Rebellion) and imposing a tariff for revenue purposes. With assumption, the national government would “assume” the debts of the states. Funding favored speculators and the wealthy who held national government notes. Assumption favored states that had not paid off their debts. Sig: This plan served the purpose of restoring public credit and binding both the wealthy and the states to a financially stable and viable national government. Source: AP

1790 Calls for BUS, the BA in BART (Congress accepts); 1st BUS runs from Hamilton’s Report on Public Credit #2 Report on Public Credit #2 Who: Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of Treasury What: The second part of the plan was Hamilton’s recommendation to establish a national bank to help standardize banking. Congress agreed and created the 1st BUS, with a twenty year charter. Sig: Tied the states closer together in economic exchange, gave the vital power of money to the federal government, and pulled the U.S. out of a confusing era of debt. Bank and anti-bank forces rallied to form first two political parties (Federalists and Jeffersonian Democrats). Source: AP

1791 Calls for the R and T in BART (Congress doesn’t accept)
Hamilton’s Report on Manufacturing Report on Manufacturing (report #3) Who: Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of Treasury What: The third part of the plan is a plea to Congress to encourage manufacturing in America through bounties (payments to encourage manufacturing) and temporary protective tariffs. Based on his observation of Europe, he also called for roads and canals. Hamilton listed the supposed benefits of industry, which, among other things, included the self-reliance of the nation (important for military purposes), the benefit of all the social classes, and cooperation with the already-sprawling agriculture. This was a spectacular vision that Hamilton had for an integrated national economy that would bind all regions of the country together Sig: This part of Hamilton’s plan was the only part to fail in Congress. Its ideas were to be brought to life, though, by the mid-1800s. Source:

1790s Strict v. Loose construction = origins of first party system
Who represents loose construction and who represents strict construction? Same question: Who was first Secretary of the Treasury and who was the first Secretary of State? Hamilton and Jefferson Jefferson v. Hamilton and emergence of political parties 1790s Who: Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton What: Hamilton’s financial successes created some political liabilities, which lead to a full-blown political rivalry with Jefferson. The parties that developed during this time were the Jeffersonian Republicans and Hamiltonian Federalists. Significance: The two-party system has existed in the United States ever since. (Place the early Jeffersonians in the strict construction camp and the Federalists in the loose construction camp—this is a major point of departure for the two parties.) Source: AP196

1776 on Educated moms must teach civic virtue to sons in a republic based on popular sovereignty Name the revolutionary concept that elevates the status of women and inferentially calls for better educational opportunities for women Republican Motherhood Republican motherhood 1776 on What: With the American Revolution accomplished and the Republic underway, women were assumed to have the role of instilling civic virtue into their sons by proper education. The idea of civic virtue is to subordinate individual selfish interests to the public good. Women would be the special keepers of the American conscience and as educated wives and mothers they would cultivate in their sons the civic virtues demanded by the new Republic. With government in the hands of the people, the people (especially sons, because only males could vote or hold political office) had to be well educated, and “Republican motherhood” was the answer. Sig: Elevates the role of the woman in American society after the Revolution. (Note that Republican motherhood does not apply to poor, working class women or to slave mothers. Thus Republican Motherhood can be cast in terms of class, gender, and race.) Source: AP168

1793 War between Britain and France--Washington wants to stay out of French Revolutionary war; isolationism here Name the proclamation Washington issued Neutrality Proclamation Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation 1793 Who: President Washington What: When war broke out between France and Britain, Washington proclaimed the government’s official neutrality and warned Americans to be impartial towards both armed camps. Sig: This was America’s first formal declaration of aloofness from Old World quarrels (called “isolationism). The problem was the U.S. was still married to the French in the Franco-American alliance of 1778 which obligated the U.S. to defend French possessions in the Caribbean (the alliance was cancelled in 1800 with the Convention of 1800). Source: AP199

1793 Eli Whitney invents this; revolutionizes cotton processing; demand for slaves increases Cotton Gin Eli Whitney (1793 Cotton Gin and 1798 Interchangeable parts) What: In 1793, Whitney invented the Cotton Gin that removed the seeds from cotton. Previously, the seeds were removed by hand, which took much more time. The Gin allowed plantation owners to remove seeds from cotton more efficiently (50 to 1), creating a demand for even more slave labor. In 1798, he also developed the process of interchangeable parts for mechanical items (primarily muskets). Sig: The invention of the Cotton Gin promoted cotton culture and slavery throughout the south. The invention of interchangeable parts paved the way for mass production. Note how Whitney contributed to both the economic growth and separation of the north and the south. Source: AP300, 303

1798 Eli Whitney invents process with muskets; begins mass production capability Interchangeable parts See slide above.

1794 Washington crushes Western Penn. rebels opposed to tax on whiskey—name the event Whiskey Rebellion Whiskey Rebellion 1794 Where: Western Pennsylvania farmers and President Washington What: A tax of 9 cents per gallon was imposed by Congress (initiated by Hamilton) on whiskey in 1791, in order to pay national debts. Outraged farmers, who would ferment and distill their grain into whiskey to get it to the market, rioted in The Militia Act of 1792 was invoked, and the militia was called out. Sig: The smashing of the rebellion demonstrated the power of the new Constitution versus the Articles of Confederation. Source:

1795 After Fallen Timbers (Gen. Wayne), Miamis cede vast tract in Ohio valley to U.S.—name the treaty Treaty of Greenville Treaty of Greenville 1795 What: Little Turtle, chief of the Miamis defeated the U.S. Army in 1790 and 1791, but lost in 1794 at the Battle of Fallen Timbers to American General Mad Anthony Wayne. The British refused to shelter the fleeing Indians. The Indians signed the Treaty of Greenville. The U.S. gained tracts of the Old Northwest (basically Indiana and Ohio); the Indians received $20,000 lump sum and $9,000 a year, as well as the right to hunt the lands they had ceded and the recognition of their sovereign status. Sig: Demonstrates the continuing problem with the Indians and how the Indians generally lost, both militarily and politically. Source: AP200

1794/95 (’94 negotiated; ’95 ratified)
Avoids war with Britain; Britain finally gets out of west. forts; Brit. pays damagesname the treaty Jay Treaty Jay’s Treaty 1795 (signed 1794; ratified 1795) Who: Americans, British, John Jay What: The United States and Britain were arguing over frontier forts still held by the British in the Northwest, navigation laws, and the seizure of American ships. The American statesman John Jay was sent over to negotiate. He compromised with a treaty. The senate ratified the treaty in 1795. Sig: It averted war, Britain finally evacuated the posts, and while Britain agreed to compensate for U.S. ship losses, Britain did not agree to stop seizing the ships. The Jay Treaty was criticized in the U.S. but it was an alternative to war and did prompt the Spanish to negotiate the Pinckney Treaty. Source:

1795 Spain grants free navigation of Mississippi and right of deposit at New Orleans; gives up claim to the old West Florida between 31° and 32°28'; good deal that follows Jay treaty—name the treaty Pinckney Treaty Pinckney’s Treaty 1795 Who: Spain, U.S. What: Spain granted the Americans free navigation of the Mississippi and a large disputed territory north of Florida (from 31º to 32º28'--see the “Area disputed by Spain and U.S.” on map on page 175) Sig: Free navigation of the Mississippi was essential for the economic life of the west. The U.S. could not afford to have Spain block access to the Gulf of Mexico by denying shipping privileges at the mouth of the Mississippi. Pinckney’s Treaty was serendipity (unanticipated good thing) for the U.S. after the humiliating Jay Treaty. Spain feared an Anglo-American rapprochement (renewal of friendly relations) and dealt kindly with the Americans. Source: AP201

1798 U.S. refuses to pay bribe to talk with French; ignites war fever in U.S.—name the event XYZ Affair XYZ Affair 1798 Who: French Foreign Minister Talleyrand; agents X, Y, Z Where: France What: The French had been furious over Jay's Treaty, condemning it as the first step toward an alliance with Britain. They further protested that the pact was a flagrant violation of the Franco-American Treaty of In response, French warships began to seize defenseless American merchant vessels, about 300 by mid President Adams sent three men to France to settle these disputes. The envoys eventually reached Paris in 1797, hoping to meet Talleyrand. Instead, they were secretly met by three go-betweens, otherwise known as X, Y, and Z. The French spokesmen demanded a bribe of $250,000, for the privilege of merely speaking with Talleyrand. Sig: As the result of the XYZ Affair, anti-French sentiments rose, and an undeclared naval war between the US and France was ignited with both sides seizing ships. Source: AP202-03

1800 U.S.-France seizing ships; near to full war; Convention of 1800 defuses issue—what do we call this “war”? Undeclared Naval War with France Undeclared war with France (Quasi-War) What: Insulted by the XYZ Affair, the three American envoys returned home. Pro-war sentiment gradually descended upon the US. War preparations were made. The Navy Department was created; the 3-ship Navy was expanded; the US Marine Corps was officially formed. War was confined to the sea, notably to the West Indies. In 2 1/2 years of undeclared hostilities, the new navy captured over 80-armed French vessels. Only a slight push might have plunged both nations into a full-fledged war. This uproar moved President John Adams to suspend all trade with the French, and American ship captains were authorized to attack and capture armed French vessels. Congress created the Department of the Navy, and war seemed inevitable. In 1800, the French government, now under Napoleon, signed a new treaty, the Convention of 1800 (which “annulled the marriage” of 1778), and peace was restored. Sig: The US Navy was expanded. War with France could have resulted in loss of lives to either side. Suspension of French trade could have harmed the economy. It was also good that the war was still undeclared. If America had waged war on France in 1800, Napoleon would have not sold Louisiana to Jefferson on any terms whatsoever in Therefore, the Louisiana Purchase might not have occurred. Source: AP204

1798 Sedition act punishes Jeffersonians for speaking out against Adams; bad law is a violation of 1st Amendment freedom of speech; a second law deals with aliens—name the acts Alien and Sedition Acts Alien & Sedition Acts 1798 Who: The Federalists and the Adams administration What: Manipulating the anti-French sentiments, the pro-British Federalists, in 1798, managed to pass laws designed to silence or minimize their Jeffersonian foes. The first of these laws was aimed at the supposedly pro-Jefferson "aliens." Most Europeans immigrants, lacking wealth, were scorned by the aristocratic Federalist Party. But they were welcomed as voters by the less prosperous and more democratic Jeffersonians. The Federalist Congress thus raised the residence requirements for aliens who desired to become citizens from 5 years to 14. The Sedition Act, on the other hand, restricted the freedom of speech and freedom of the press as guaranteed in the Constitution by the Bill of Rights (1st Amendment). This law provided that anyone who impeded the policies of the government or falsely defamed its officials, including the president, would be liable to a heavy fine & imprisonment. Sig: The Alien Act infringed the traditional American policy of open-door hospitality and speedy assimilation. The Sedition Act, meanwhile, infringed in the rights guaranteed to all American citizens in the 1st Amendment and prompted the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions. Source: AP205

Responding to Sedition act, Mad/Jeff assert right of a state to nullify federal law—what do we call Mad/Jeff writings? Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions Who: James Madison (for Virginia) and Thomas Jefferson (for Kentucky) What: Republican leaders were convinced that the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional, but the process of deciding on the constitutionality of federal laws was as yet undefined. Jefferson and Madison decided that the states should have that power, and they drew up a series of resolutions, which were presented to the Kentucky and Virginia legislatures. They proposed that the state bodies should have the power to "nullify" federal laws within those states. These resolutions were adopted, but only in these states, and so the issue died. Sig: The theoretical argument in these resolutions, that the U.S. was a compact among sovereign states, was used later as part of the nullification controversy of the 1830's and ultimately in the secession crisis of Source: AP206-07

Fears cause states to adopt laws restricting communications, learning, travel among slaves—what caused the slaveowners to be fearful—name the revolts Answer: Slave revolts (Stono, South Carolina, 1739; Gabriel Prosser, Virginia, 1800; Denmark Vesey, South Carolina 1822; Nat Turner, Virginia, 1831, are among the more notable revolts) Slave revolts in Haiti and the U.S. and fears arising therefrom What: Beginning in 1792 and continuing to 1804, slaves were rebelling in Haiti (St. Domingue or Santa Domingo). That rebellion, led by Toussaint L’Ouverture, was successful. Not successful but terrifying were slave revolts in the U.S. (Gabriel Prosser, Virginia, 1800; Denmark Vesey, South Carolina, 1822; Nat Turner, Virginia, 1831). Sig: These revolts caused great anxiety and fear among whites and plantation owners, who responded with increasingly harsh restrictions on the ability of slaves to communicate, learn, and travel. Free blacks were restricted too, and even whites could be held accountable if they challenged the slave system (because that might give slaves encouragement to resist). While the plantation economy provided many benefits for many owners, the scepter of slave rebellion was a continuing and haunting fear among southerners. Source: Class notes;

1800 U.S.-France cancel 1778 alliance; peace not war here—name the treaty Convention of 1800 No note here.

1800 “Revolution” (election) of 1800 causes peaceful transfer of power from Federalists to Jeffersonians—what do we call this phenomenon? “Revolution” of 1800 Election of 1800 (the "Revolution of 1800") What: Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr both ran as Jeffersonian Republicans against John Adams and Charles Pinckney for the Federalists in the election of The candidate winning the second-highest number of electoral votes would become vice-president. Jefferson and Burr received the highest and same number of electoral votes, so the selection went to the House of Representatives. After a long deadlock, Alexander Hamilton threw his support to Jefferson, and Burr had to accept vice-presidency. (The 12th amendment in 1804 required that electors vote once for president and once for vice-president, thus solving this problem.) Jefferson called his election a “revolution” in that he would halt and reverse the growth of government power and the decay of civic virtue that occurred under the Federalists. But this was no popular “revolution” because Jefferson barely won the election. Sig: The election pitted two parties who were bitterly opposed to each other. The election was peaceful; the transition of power was peaceful. Thus the U.S. established the fact that a democratic nation, even with bitterly divided political loyalties, could effect a peaceful transition of power. This was the only “revolution” that occurred in 1800. Source: AP

1801-1809 Significance of Jefferson’s presidency
He was strict in theory, loose in practice (e.g., Louisiana, where he went ahead and bought it, arguing that he did not have the authority but a constitutional amendment could authorize what he did—he never got the amendment—thus strict in theory, loose in practice); also he did not attack Hamilton’s BUS Significance of Jefferson’s presidency What: Jefferson was president from 1801 to He called his election a revolution, but he did not dismantle the Bank of the United States or otherwise attack Hamilton’s financial structure. He did lower the debt, but that is hardly a revolution. His purchase of Louisiana was very important, even though he did not think he was constitutionally empowered to buy it. He fought a war with the Navy against Tripoli, even though he did not want to fight a war. (He supported limited government and desired only a small navy.) He represented agrarian interests against the monied and merchant class of the North, and yet he was a Virginia planter “aristocrat.” Sig: Jefferson’s presidency time and again reflected the realities of the times and not his strict constructionist agrarian ideals. Source: Class notes

1803 U.S. doubles in size for $15 million; New Orleans finally belongs to U.S.—name the event Louisiana Purchase Louisiana Purchase 1803 Who: Jefferson and France (Napoleon I) Where: The huge territory of Louisiana, stretching from the Canadian border to the Gulf of Mexico and from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains. What: In the early years of the United States, Louisiana was of concern chiefly because it bordered the Mississippi River, which was vital to U.S. trade. In 1762 France had ceded Louisiana to Spain, which was too weak to offer a serious threat to American Commerce. In 1800, however, rumors spread that Spain was about to cede Louisiana back to France. Jefferson was alarmed. Relations between the United States and France were still unfriendly, and France had the power to cut off American shipping at Louisiana's capital, New Orleans, at the mouth of the Mississippi. There was, said Jefferson, "one single spot" on the globe, "the possessor of which is our natural and habitual enemy. It is New Orleans through which the produce of three eighths of our territory must pass to market." In 1803, Talleyrand made Livingston a startling offer. Napoleon I was willing to sell the entire territory for $15 million. At the end of June, news of the treaty reached the United States. Jefferson was very eager to acquire the entire territory, but, viewing it from his strict-construction point of view, he did not think the purchase was constitutional. His remedy for the purchase was a constitutional amendment (which was never proposed). Sig: The Louisiana Purchase has been called Jefferson’s “chief achievement” during his administration. It allowed for much expansion and exploration into the West. It also showed that Jefferson was strict in principle but loose in practice. Obviously, the purchase also finally resolved the important issue of control of New Orleans and the mouth of the Mississippi. Source: AP

Jefferson commissions this expedition that is America’s grand adventure—name it Louis and Clark Expedition (the Corps of Discovery) Lewis and Clark Expedition Who: Meriwether Lewis and William Clark. Where: The West, up the Missouri River and over the Rockies to the Oregon coast, and return home What: Jefferson had dreamed of exploration of the West from the time he was secretary of state under Washington. As a scientist he wanted to know about the land and its inhabitants. He realized the importance of such exploration for the future expansion of the United States. In January 1803, one-half a year before the Louisiana Purchase, he proposed his idea to Congress. In order to conceal its expansionist aims from England, France, and Spain, he suggested that the journey be presented as a "literary pursuit." Congress gave approval. Jefferson instructed them to observe and note down the physical features, topography, soil, climate, and wildlife of the land and the language and customs of its inhabitants. Sig: In 1806 Lewis and Clark returned with their valuable journals. They had successfully breached the mountain barrier of the West, built a fort on the Pacific Ocean at the mouth of the Columbia River, and mapped and explored much of the American Northwest. Moreover, they had secured the friendship of a number of Native American peoples and given the United States a claim to the Oregon country. They made important scientific discoveries, maps, and knowledge of the natives in the regions. This expedition, along with the Louisiana Purchase helped promote nationalism (commitment to the U.S.) and the future idea of “manifest destiny.” Source: AP222-24

1803 In this case, the principle of judicial review is established (articulated by Hamilton in Federalist #78) Marbury v. Madison Marbury vs. Madison (1803) Who: John Adams, William Marbury, and James Madison What: After a bitter election, in his final days as president, Adams attempted to fill the courts with members of his party, the Federalist Party. Just before leaving office, President Adams appointed a Maryland banker and politician, William Marbury, to one of the new posts. The Senate confirmed Marbury's appointment, President Adams signed the commission, and Secretary of State John Marshall affixed the Great Seal on the commission. But in the rush of business during the final days of the Adams administration, Marshall failed to actually deliver the commission to Marbury (and at least three other appointees). Jefferson became president on March 4, 1801, and the new secretary of state was James Madison. When Marbury and three others asked Madison for their commissions, the secretary of state, acting under orders from President Jefferson, refused to deliver the commissions. Marbury sued. The case was heard by Chief Justice John Marshall and the Supreme Court. While the Court did not address the specifics of the case, the Court struck down as unconstitutional a portion of the Judiciary Act of 1789 (which gave the Supreme Court jurisdiction the Court declared it did not have). Sig: The Supreme Court of the United States established its authority to review and invalidate government actions that conflict with the Constitution of the United States. The case is monumentally significant because it was the first time that the Supreme Court declared an act of Congress to be unconstitutional. The principle involved here is “judicial review.” Source: AP218-19

Jeff’s VEEP kills Hamilton; organizes conspiracy in southwest; tried for treason but not convicted—name him Aaron Burr Aaron Burr Who: During John Adams's term as President, national parties became clearly defined. Burr loosely associated himself with the Jeffersonian-Republicans, though he had moderate Federalist allies, such as Sen. Jonathan Dayton of New Jersey. Burr quickly became a key player in New York politics, more powerful in time than Hamilton, largely because of the Tammany Society, later to become the infamous Tammany Hall, which Burr converted from a social club into a political machine. As Jefferson’s vice president, Burr was not trusted by his own party. Burr's refusal to yield the victory in the election of 1800 to Jefferson, as he had promised, cost him the trust of his own party and that of Jefferson: for the rest of the administration, Burr remained an outsider. He killed Hamilton in a duel in He later organized a conspiracy to separate a part of the western U.S. and establish a country, for which he was tried but not convicted for treason. Sig: He played a very dominant role in politics, especially in New York. Source: AP 214,

A reluctant Jefferson beats Tripoli who wanted tribute to allow U.S. ships to sail in the Mediterrean—name the war War with Tripoli War with Tripoli What: Tripoli was attacking U.S. ships and demanding tribute to engage in commerce in the Mediterranean. Jefferson went to war with the Pasha of Tripoli and won the war. Sig: Jefferson, the noninterventionist, pacifist, small navy, and political foe of Federalist shippers, nevertheless sent the young U.S. Navy into combat in this war. This was the first war that the U.S. fought after the Revolution (not including the undeclared naval war with France). Source: AP (p. 240 for 1815 war against other Barbary coast pirates)

1807 British, looking for deserters, attack U.S. warship; almost leads to war—name this incident Chesapeake affair U.S.S. Chesapeake and H.M.S. Leopard 1807 Who: American frigate, Chesapeake; British frigate, Leopard Where: Ten miles off the coast of Virginia What: The Leopard attempted to force the impressment of four men on the Chesapeake. When the Chesapeake refused, it was fired upon, killing three Americans and wounding eighteen. Sig: This incident greatly angered the American public. As a result, Jefferson was pressed for war, but he enacted the embargo instead. Source: AP226 Impressment Who: The United States and Great Britain Where: Neutral ships on the seas (mostly American ships) What: The British Navy declared the right to search any neutral vessel on the seas for deserters. What they really did was they conscripted men between the ages of years old to serve as sailors in the Royal Navy. The British were kidnapping American men and forcing them to serve in their navy. Sig: The United States needed to prove to Britain that the U.S. was independent, not subject to the Crown any longer. The U.S. had to protect the safety and freedom of the American people, especially sailors. This led to the War of 1812. Source: AP226

1807 Following Chesapeake affair, Jefferson approves this as a response to the British Embargo (recall the bitterness over Jefferson’s embargo among New England Federalists, merchants and traders) Embargo 1807 Who: Jefferson’s presidency Where: affected New England the most What: Congress passed the Embargo Act in 1807, completely forbidding the export of goods from the United States. Jefferson took this drastic measure in hopes of obtaining respect for neutral trading rights through letting Britain and France suffer from lack of American trade. Sig: The embargo greatly harmed U.S. commerce, causing much resentment. New England and mid-Atlantic merchants routinely violated the embargo. Also, the failure of the embargo resulted in eventual war with Britain. Source: AP

Early 1800s British seize men (including U.S. citizens) to serve in Royal navy; U.S. hates this—name this practice Impressment Impressment Who: The United States and Great Britain Where: Neutral ships on the seas (mostly American ships) What: The British Navy declared the right to search any neutral vessel on the seas for deserters. What they really did was they conscripted men between the ages of years old to serve as sailors in the Royal Navy. The British were kidnapping American men and forcing them to serve in their navy. Sig: The United States needed to prove to Britain that the U.S. was independent, not subject to the Crown any longer. The U.S. had to protect the safety and freedom of the American people, especially sailors. This led to the War of 1812. Source: AP226

1809 Embargo repealed in favor of trade but not with Britain and France—name the act Non-intercourse Act Non-Intercourse Act and Macon’s Bill # What: The Non-Intercourse Act of 1809 was similar to Jefferson’s embargo, but it solely targeted Britain and France. In 1810, Congress replaced it with Macon’s Bill No. 2, which opened up trade with Britain and France on one condition: if either of the two countries repealed its commercial restrictions, the U.S. would restore the embargo against the country that failed to do so. Sig: Napoleon craftily caused Madison to restore the embargo on Britain, leading to the War of 1812. Source: AP

1810 This supersedes non-intercourse: trade OK with Brit/Fr; if one stop offenses, embargo will be put on the other—name the act Macon’s Bill #2 See slide above.

1812-15 War of 1812 War of 1812 causes—name them
CMEN + warhawks (Chesapeake, Impressment, Embargo-1807, Nonintercourse--1809, Macon’s Bill # , and Calhoun/Clay elected to House in 1810—westerners clamoring for suppression of Indians and possibly expansion into Canada) War of 1812 Causes Who: The United States and Great Britain What: The English instituted maritime blockades of European ports to prevent American shipping from helping the French during the war between England and France. The British also claimed the right to stop any neutral vessel and search the ship for “deserters.” Many American ships were taken, and men were impressed into the British Navy. This can be seen in the Chesapeake-Leopard affair of Economic sanctions were tried but were unsuccessful (Embargo, Non-Intercourse, Macon’s Bill #2). With the coming of the War Hawks to Congress in 1810, western fears of and British aid to the Indians became an issue that contributed to war fever. Great Britain wanted to control the trade routes to keep the U.S. out of European ports during the war with France. The United States had to defend the right to export American goods without losing men or ships. The U.S. also objected to Great Britain supporting the Indians along the Great Lakes. Sig: America had to defend its rights, government, commerce and independence. Madison and the War Hawks chose war as the vehicle to do so (Jefferson chose embargo, which did not work; Madison chose war, which defended American rights and honor). Source: AP231-32

Early 1800s Shawnee chief; forces defeated at Tippecanoe/1811; killed at Thames/1813—name him Tecumseh Tecumseh and the Prophet early 1800’s Who: Two Shawnee brothers, Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa (“the Prophet”) Where: Indian tribes east of the Mississippi in the Ohio Valley What: Tecumseh and the Prophet organized a confederacy of Indian tribes to renew their culture and fight against the advancing American frontier. At the Battle of Tippecanoe (1811, in present-day Indiana), William Henry Harrison defeated the Prophet’s people, hurting the movement. Tecumseh died fighting for the British in the Battle of the Thames in 1813. Sig: Tecumseh’s death in 1813 marked the end of the dream of an Indian confederacy and represented continued evidence that opposition to the United States would result in military and political defeat for Native-Americans. Source: AP229-30

1793-1824 U.S. Foreign Policy: approach to essay question on
How do you approach a foreign policy question from 1793 to 1824?? European distresses = American successes, from ’95 Greenville to ’23 Monroe Doc (as Britain, France go to war, U.S. takes advantage—Greenville ’94, Jay ’95, Pinckney ’95, Convention of 1800, Louisiana Purchase ’03, seizure of West Florida , Convention of 1818, Adams-Onís Treaty 1819, Monroe Doctrine ’23, Russo-American Treaty ’24) American Successes Arise from European Distresses 1790’s-1820’s Who: Indians, Britain, Spain, France, and the United States What: While the wars of the French Revolution ( ) and the Napoleonic Wars ( ) were raging, the U.S. had an opportunity to achieve successes from European distresses. There were six main instances when America profited from the distress of Europe. 1795 Greenville Treaty. After the battle of Fallen Timbers and being abandoned by the British, the Indians gave up some of the Old Northwest in exchange for $20,000 and the right to still hunt on those lands. 1794/95 Jay Treaty with Britain. The British promised to evacuate posts on U.S. soil and to pay damages for the seized American ships. The U.S. had to pay the debts owed to merchants on pre-Revolutionary accounts. 1795 Pinckney Treaty with Spain. Spain, fearing friendship between the U.S. and Britain due to the Jay Treaty, granted to the U.S. free navigation of the Mississippi and the right of deposit at New Orleans, while giving up its claim to that part of old British Florida north of the 31° parallel. (Britain once said that West Florida went all the way up to 32º28', so Spain claimed up to 32º28' but gave up that claim in this treaty.) 1800 Convention of 1800 in which the Franco-American Alliance of 1778 was cancelled (in return, the U.S. would pay damage claims of American shippers against the French). [The U.S. would not enter into a permanent entangling military alliance again until 1949 and NATO.] 1803 Louisiana Purchase from France, doubling the size of the U.S. at a small cost of $15 million. 1823 Monroe Doctrine which stated that other nations would no longer be allowed to colonize or interfere in the Western Hemisphere. [Lum says CLAD’M in Green PJ’s (Convention of 1800, Louisiana Purchase, Monroe Doctrine, Greenville, Pinckney, Jay)] Sig: America gained much from the distress going on in Europe. Much land was gained from other countries during this period. (If there is an early national foreign policy essay question on the AP exam, “Europe’s distresses = America’s successes” represents a good thesis/argument.) Source: AP , , , and 252

Christmas Eve, 1914 Name the treaty ending the War of 1812
Traty of Ghent Treaty of Ghent Christmas Eve, 1814 Who: U.S. and Britain What: The U.S. and Britain agreed to stop fighting, ending the War of 1812. Remarkably, neither side gained any concessions, attesting to a virtual draw between the two countries. Sig: Though America didn’t get what it wanted at the start of the War of 1812, it didn’t lose anything to Britain either. The war fostered a sense of nationalism. Indeed, the war is called the second war of American independence, announcing to the world that the U.S. was not a nation to be taken lightly anymore. Source; AP237-40

1-8-15 After Treaty of Ghent, he beats British and becomes national hero—name him and the battle Andrew Jackson and Battle of New Orleans Battle of New Orleans January 8, 1815 Who: Andrew Jackson led Americans against 8,000 British troops Where: New Orleans, Louisiana What: The British troops attacked Andrew Jackson’s well-fortified troops, resulting in a tremendous American victory. Two thousand British were killed or wounded compared with around seventy for the Americans. Sig: Though this battle occurred after the War of 1812 ended, the victory greatly boosted American nationalism and honor. Further, Jackson became a national hero. (Americans like to elect presidents who were war heroes/generals.) Source: AP

Late 1814-early 1815 Anti-war Federalists oppose Madison; Federalist Party dies at Hartford—name the event Hartford Convention Hartford Convention December 15, 1814 to January 5, 1815 Who: Federalists who were discontented with the War of 1812 Where: Hartford, Connecticut What: Numerous New England states, feeling abused by Madison’s war, sent representatives to Hartford, Connecticut to discuss their grievances. The resulting convention demanded compensation for lost trade and sought preventive measures against future embargoes, state admissions, and wars, among other things. The resolutions of the Hartford Convention were overshadowed by the victory of the Battle of New Orleans, causing the movement to die. Sig: The Hartford Convention marked the death of the Federalist Party. It is also an example of New England’s sympathy towards nullification at the time. While nullification and secession are normally associated with the South, the Hartford Convention demonstrates that the South did not have a monopoly on states’ rights and secessionist thinking. Source: AP

1815-c. 1824 War of 1812 consequences Answer: BART called for; era of good feelings and one-party rule; Clay’s Amer. System (BART=bank, internal improvements, tariff: 2nd BUS runs ; Erie Canal completed 1825 (have states do internal improvements); first tariff for protection in 1816) Consequences of the War of 1812 What: Following the War of 1812, a new nationalism emerged in the United States. Henry Clay's "American System" was a neofederalist program of a national bank, a tariff to promote and protect domestic industry, and congressionally financed internal improvements. President Madison, Henry Clay, John C. Calhoun, and John Quincy Adams helped fashion this new political agenda, which promised to meet the needs of all sections (remember Lum’s BART). Also, with the beginnings of the Monroe presidency came the “Era of Good Feelings” (referring to the era of peace and prosperity in the beginning of Monroe’s presidency), which further sparked nationalism. Sig: A new sense of American nationalism emerged after the War of The War of 1812 was nicknamed “the Second War of Independence” because this level of nationalism had not been seen since the Revolutionary War and the U.S. fought Britain to a draw. The United States became internally much stronger through Henry Clay’s “American System”. Source: Class notes

1800 on Political (Louisiana Purchase, Lewis and Clark, War of 1812), Judicial (Marshall decisions); economic (BART); cultural (BIC and HR School) (BIC = Bryant, Irving, Cooper; HR = Hudson River School, Thomas Cole’s “Oxbow=romanticized landscapes)—name the “ism” here Nationalism Nationalism (devotion or loyalty to a nation) A sense of nationalism arose after the War of Judicial nationalism of the Marshall Court can be cited. [All of the following very important cases are Marshall court decisions. Marbury v. Madison (1803), McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), and Gibbons v. Ogden (1824) for lifting up national authority at state expense; Fletcher v. Peck (1810) and Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1832) for lifting up the sanctity of contracts that cannot be eroded by state actions. Marshall’s decisions, in addition to strengthening federal authority, protected business interests from encroachment by individual states. Thus the Marshall court can be characterized as pro-business also.]. Economic nationalism associated with the American System can be cited also: banks, roads, canals, protective tariffs, all contributed to the notion of “nation,” as opposed to more regional or sectional interests. Cultural nationalism can be seen in the works of the painters of the Hudson River School (Thomas Cole), and Lum’s BIC writers (Bryant, Irving, Cooper). Source: Class notes

1816—this one is a “duh” 1st tariff for protective purposes (to protect “infant manufacturing” spawned by War of 1812)—name it, duh Tariff of 1816 The Tariff of 1816 What: Even with the Federalist party gasping its last breath, the nationalist Congress of 1816 passed the first tariff in U.S. history primarily for protection—20 to 25 percent on many imports. Sig: Hamilton would have been happy—here we see the emergence of the kind of leadership that he envisioned in his three reports of 1790/91. He would have been delighted with the American System, described below. Source: AP241

c Henry Clay supported BART; the So and West benefit too with R carrying stuff to market—name this American System The “American System”—around 1824 [with comments on the power of BART] Who: Henry Clay What: Clay proposed a three-part plan to develop a profitable home market. First a strong banking system was needed that would provide easy and abundant credit. Next Clay wanted a protective tariff that would allow eastern manufacturing to flourish. Revenues from the flourishing economy would support the third component, a network of roads and canals that would help transport foodstuffs and raw materials from the South and West to the North and East. Sig: Here is an emerging sense of nationalism. Cries for better transportation erupted in the nation, especially in the West. Individual states took control of construction of canals and roads (i.e. the Erie Canal). Clay’s American System is essentially what Hamilton proposed in his three 1790/91 reports and what President Madison articulated in his 7th annual address to Congress in All of these can be summed up in one of Lum’s words: BART!!! [What was the heart of the Whig political agenda in the 1840s, when they elected two presidents?? BART!!! What was the domestic political agenda (aside from winning the war, homesteads, and higher education) of the Republicans during the Civil War?? BART!! Start BART with Hamilton ( ), and then run it through Madison (1815), Clay (1824), the Whigs (1840s) and the Republicans (1860s).] Source: AP

1815-c. 1824 Monroe’s terms; one-party; but Panic of 1819 and conflicts over BART occurred—name the era Era of Good Feelings “Era of Good Feelings” ( ) Who: The Administrations of Monroe What: When James Monroe (slaveowning Virginian) went into Federalist New England, “the enemy’s country,” he received a heartwarming welcome. A Boston newspaper was so far carried away as to announce that an “Era of Good Feelings” had been ushered in. This happy phrase has been commonly used since then to describe the administrations of Monroe. The Era of Good Feelings, unfortunately, was something of a misnomer. Considerable tranquility and prosperity did in fact smile upon the early years of Monroe, but the period was a troubled one. The acute issues of the tariff, the bank, internal improvements, and the sale of public lands were being hotly contested. Sig: The “Era of Good Feelings” helped to promote an emerging sense of nationalism. (With the Panic of 1819, one can argue that the Era was short-lived.) Source: AP242

1817 Let’s free the slaves and move them to Africa; Liberia created on African coast—name the organization American Colonization Society American Colonization Society 1817 Who: African-Americans What: The American Colonization Society (ACS), founded in 1817, grew out of efforts by a Presbyterian minister from New Jersey, Robert Finley. It was typical of many benevolent societies of the period. Americans viewed the society as a solution to what was thought to be the dual problem of freeing blacks and the incompatibility of the races. Although William Lloyd Garrison and other activists ultimately rejected the gradual approach of colonizationists, the movement maintained its appeal for moderates, among them Abraham Lincoln. In 1822 the ACS established Liberia on the west coast of Africa. Over the next forty years the society settled some twelve thousand African-Americans in that country. Although the society existed until 1912, after 1860 it functioned primarily as the "caretaker" of the settlement in Liberia. (Liberia is an independent nation today.) Sig: Even after the Emancipation Proclamation, extreme hostility, prejudice, and racism can be seen throughout America. No matter what the motives of ACS supporters were, all believed that free blacks could not be assimilated into American society and that the solution was resettlement in Africa. Source: AP362

1817 Disarms Great Lakes (U.S.-Britain)—name the treaty
Rush-Bagot Disarmament Treaty Established peaceful and friendly border between U.S. and Canada, by both sides agreeing to not keep a fleet on the Great Lakes.

1818 U.S. and Britain agree to joint occupation of Oregon; also sets Louisiana Purchase boundary from Lake of Woods to Rocky Mountains (49th parallel)—name the treaty Convention of 1818 Convention of 1818 Who: United States and Britain Where: The Oregon area (and the boundary between the US and Canada from the Lake of the Woods to the Rockies) What: The dispute originated because uncertainty in the Treaty of Paris of 1783. The Convention of 1818 set the boundary at the 49th parallel. The agreement extended the northern boundary westward from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains. Further, both sides agreed to occupy Oregon jointly for ten years (renewable). Sig: This settled the disputed area at the 49th parallel and temporarily resolved the Oregon issue. (Final settlement came in 1846, shortly after the U.S. entered into war with Mexico.) Source: AP250-51

1819 Speculation in western lands sparks unemployment, bank failures, debtors’ prison Answer: Panic of 1819 Panic of 1819 What: This was the first national financial panic since President Washington took office. It brought deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment, soup kitchens, and overcrowded pesthouses known as debtors’ prisons. Many factors contributed to the catastrophe of 1819, but looming large was over-speculation in frontier lands. The Bank of the United States, through its western branches, had become deeply involved in this popular type of outdoor gambling. Sig: Not only was this the first national financial panic since President Washington took office, but it was also a rude setback to the nationalistic ardor. The Panic is considered by many to be the end of the “Era of Good Feelings.” Source: AP243

1819 MD tax law struck down; federal supremacy here; necessary and proper here too—name the decision McCulloch v. Maryland

1819 Spain cedes Florida and gives up vague Oregon claim; southern/western border of Louisiana fixed along “step” line (step = Sabean R. north to Red R., west to 100th, north to Arkansas R., due north from headwaters of Arkansas to 42nd, then west to ocean)—name the treaty Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819 (do not say “Florida Cession” lest you forget the step line Adams-Onis Treaty (“Step Treaty Line”, “Transcontinental Treaty”) Who: Spain and the United States Where: Florida, western boundary of Louisiana Purchase What: With the collapse of its empire, Spain knew it could not hold Florida anymore. Spain also wanted to settle the Louisiana Territory border on its north (U.S. southwest/western border). Spain ceded Florida to the U.S., abandoned any claim to the Oregon territory, and agreed to a boundary for the Louisiana Territory and a boundary along the 42º to the Pacific Ocean. [The Spanish negotiated for the easternmost boundary it could get (in an effort to keep the U.S. as far from Mexico as possible), in the end settling on the Sabine River, which is the easternmost boundary of Texas.] (The United States in exchange agreed to assume $5 million in debts owed to American merchants.) Sig: This gave the U.S. the rest of Florida and settled an uncertain boundary on the U.S. southwestern border. (Note: With the Spanish abandoning claims above 42º and the Russians in 1824 staying above 54º40', the entire Oregon Territory was left to the U.S. and Britain to jointly occupy under the Convention of 1818 and then finally divide in 1846.) Source: AP252

1820 MO slave; ME free; no slavery in LA territory above 36°30' north latitude—name the event Missouri Compromise What did Jefferson call it? The [death] “knell” of the Union Missouri Compromise 1820 Who: North (US), South (US), and Henry Clay Where: Missouri, the remainder of the Louisiana Territory, and Maine What: Congress agreed to admit Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a separate free state. This kept the balance between the North and the South at twelve states each. (Balance was critical to maintain slave power in the Senate). Although the state of Missouri was permitted to retain slaves, all future bondage was prohibited in the remainder of the Louisiana Purchase territory north of the line of 36o30’, which was the southern boundary of Missouri. Sig: The Missouri Compromise deferred final discussion of slavery. In the end, the Civil War finally resolved the issue. Jefferson called it the “death knell” of the Union. (Death knell is a bell tolled slowly at the time of a funeral.) Source: AP247-48

1823 Europe/American continents different, so nonintervention/noncolonization demanded—name the PEP here Monroe Doctrine Monroe Doctrine 1823 What: President Monroe, in his annual address to Congress in 1823, announced what became known as the Monroe Doctrine, which stated that the European powers could no longer look to the new world for colonization. He argued that the old world’s political institutions (monarchy) were so different from the new world’s (republics) that the old world would no longer be welcome in the new. Further, he suggested that European nations not interfere in the new world. Noncolonization and nonintervention were in his message. Sig: While this proud and nationalistic statement was scorned at the start by the powers of the old world, over time the Doctrine developed and was used by various presidents, including Polk and T. Roosevelt. Source: AP252-54

1820s Austin gets Mexican land grant; Americans settle; conflicts arise—name the area Texas Texas in the 1820s Where: Texas, from the Sabine River on the east to the Nueces on the southwest Who: Spain ( ), Mexico (1821 to 1836), and American settlers What: Spain and then Mexico invited Americans to settle in their northeastern province of Texas. In 1823, Mexico granted to Stephen Austin a tract of land upon which Americans could settle, with the understanding that they would become Catholic Mexicans. The Texans paid little attention to that, and by 1835 there were 30,000 Americans in Texas (ready to fight when Santa Anna established a dictatorship). Also, when Mexico prohibited slavery in 1830, the Texas slaveowners did not comply, further aggravating the situation between Americans in Texas and the Mexican government. Sig: The settlement in the 1820s set the stage for the Texas War of Independence in 1836 Source: AP275-76

1820s-30s NE farm girls work in company textile factory and live in company housing—name the PEP here Lowell System Lowell System—1820s and into the 1830s What: In pre-industrial America, farm girls made cloth, candles, soap, butter, cheese on the farm. Emerging industries in the nineteenth century replaced this kind of farm/subsistence labor and provided employment for the girls and young women in factories. In 1826 the town of Lowell was founded in Massachusetts. The “Boston Associates” built boardinghouses to accommodate its labor force of twelve-to-twenty-five-year-old females. The twenty-five or so women residing in each house developed a sense of sisterhood, working, eating, and spending leisure time together. Although they enjoyed the cultural and economic advantages available in Lowell, they did not succumb to the popular notion that Lowell was a "finishing school for young ladies." They had come, mostly from New England farms, to work, and they expected to be paid for their labor and treated with respect. When a downturn occurred in the textile industry beginning in 1829 and management sought to cut wages, these women reacted. They went out on strike in 1834 and 1836 and ran petition campaigns in the 1840s. They formed the Factory Girls' Association and joined the widespread ten-hour movement. Sig: Theirs were among the first forms of collective action taken by industrial workers. In response, mill owners there and elsewhere turned to immigrant labor, hiring French-Canadian and Irish workers to replace the native-born labor force. Source: AP307

1832 1st 3rd party; anti-Mason, anti-Jackson—name the party
Anti-Masonic Party Anti-Masonic Party 1832 and later What: A political party that first appeared in the 1832 presidential campaign, it opposed the “influence and secrecy” of the Masonic order. They were roused up by the mysterious disappearance of a New Yorker threatening to expose the secret rituals of the Masonic order (he was probably murdered by the Masonic order). The party fed upon the public’s suspicion of secret societies and spread its influence throughout the Atlantic and into the New England states. It was also anti-Jackson since Jackson was Masonic. Sig: This is the first third-party in American politics. [While not significant, third parties can influence elections on occasion. Look at the effect of the Liberty Party votes in New York which cost Clay the election of 1844, or TR’s Bull Moose Party votes which cost Taft the election of 1912—in both cases the Democrats won: Polk in 1844, and Wilson in 1912, with both receiving less than 50% of the “popular vote.”] Source: AP270

Early 1800s States drop property qualifications to vote; contributes to Jackson “Era of Common Man”--what is happening here? Expansion of suffrage Expansion of Suffrage early 18th century What: As states dropped various property qualifications during the Jacksonian period, more and more adult white males were able to vote. Sig: This is an element of Jacksonian Democracy; politics and campaigns became rougher and tougher as candidates sought the vote of the “common man.” Source: AP324

Expand votes/ appeal to LAFS; hate monopoly; start spoils; hurt Indians: in 1840s, settle Oregon and take “Mexican Cession”—what name do we give to this era? Jacksonian Democracy Jacksonian Democracy What: Jacksonian Democracy refers to several elements that characterize the period roughly from 1828 to 1848 (from Jackson through Polk). 1. Expansion of suffrage occurred as states dropped property qualifications (many more “common” men voted). 2. Jackson’s and his followers hated monopoly and special privilege (e.g., the 2nd BUS). 3. Campaigns were directed at the “common man,” featuring political party conventions to select candidates, and campaigns that appealed to common people and not the privileged. (It became best to be born in a log cabin no matter where you might have been born.) Campaigns became more democratic. 4. While Jefferson appealed to farmers and agrarian interests, Jacksonian Democracy appealed to both rural and urban voters [Lum’s LAFS: laborers, artisans (shoemakers, wheelwrights, carpenters), farmers, small shopkeepers.] 5. The Spoils System, where party loyalists would get government jobs. 6. Jackson and many of his followers were anti-Native American (e.g., Indian Removal Act of 1830, leading to the Trail of Tears in ’38-’39) Sig: The Jacksonian period is a watershed in American life. If you STAPLERD the period, you would be able to fire many PEPS not only related to Jackson and the Jacksonians but to many other matters too. Source: Class notes

Jackson attacks 2nd BUS as monopolistic monster; success of attack creates $ instability—name the event Bank War The Bank War Who: The conflict was between President Andrew Jackson and the Bank’s president Nicholas Biddle What: Andrew Jackson believed that the Bank was an unconstitutional monopoly. Thus, he started the War on the Bank ( ). Biddle held enormous power over the financial affairs of the nation. Webster and Clay in 1832 presented to Congress a bill to renew the Bank of the United States charter that was to expire in However, they were pushing for renewal four years early to make it an election issue in If Jackson signed, it would alienate agrarian voters in the west. If vetoed, he would lose the election by alienating the wealthy in the east. He won, and in 1833, Jackson attacked the Bank by depositing federal revenues in other banks and removing federal deposits from its vaults, while continuing to make demands on the Bank of the United States. Biddle fought hard but lost in the end. Sig: Jackson vetoed the re-charter bill. He was reelected, and thus used his reelection as a mandate to defeat the bank. Without some central guidance, state banks were free to engage in speculative activities, which created a disorganized financial situation in the nation. This would contribute to the Panic of 1837.

1836 Jackson says you must use gold/silver to buy western lands; paper can’t be used—name the PEP Specie Circular The Specie Circular Another policy of Jackson involved the Specie Circular, which was a decree that obligated all public lands to be purchased with “hard,” or metallic, money. There was too much speculation in western lands, and requiring that lands be paid with scarce hard money would slow or stop the speculation. Sig: The Specie Circular helped contribute to the financial panic/crash in 1837.

Jackson OKs this act in ’30; tribes move; Cherokee Trail of Tears ’38-’39—name the entire process Indian Removal Indian Removal A third policy of Jackson was to remove the remaining eastern tribes--chiefly Cherokees, Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Seminoles--beyond the Mississippi. He wanted the lands for white settlers. His policy led to the forced uprooting of more than 100,000 Indians. In 1830, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act, which relocated Indian tribes east of the Mississippi to Indian Territory in the west. In the fall and winter of , during VanBuren’s presidency, the Army forcibly removed 15,000 Cherokees from their homes in the east to Indian Territory in the west (present day Oklahoma). This journey was known as the Trail of Tears. About 4,000 died on the journey. Sig: By forced removal of the Native Americans, many died. The Indian removal vividly demonstrates continuing abuse of Native Americans by the ever-expanding people of the U.S. and its government. [Note that Chief Blackhawk in Illinois fought back, and Abe Lincoln was with the Illinois militia that helped the U.S. win the Blackhawk War of In talking so much about the five southeastern tribes, we tend to forget the Blackhawk War of 1832.] Source: AP on the BUS, AP272 on the Specie Circular, and AP on Indians

1828 on Jackson thinks government work easy; gives government jobs to friends and cronies; bad system—name the PEP here Spoils System Spoils system 1828 on What: Jackson’s spoils system granted rewards to political supporters by giving them public office. Basically, governmental jobs went to the winner of an election. Thus party people could be rewarded with jobs. Scandal and corruption ensued as illiterates, incompetents, or thieves could be given high office. Its name came from Senator William Marcy’s classic remark in 1832, “To the victor belong the spoils of the enemy.” Jackson thought that government jobs were fairly simple, not requiring specialized expertise. The spoils system played a major role in the emerging two-party order. Sig: The spoils system overwhelmed newly elected politicians. [Later, Politicians would see how shameful the spoils system was when President Garfield was assassinated by a disaffected office-seeker in The Civil Service Reform Act (Pendleton Act) of 1883 followed.] Source: AP262 on Jackson’s spoils system, 515 on the Pendleton Act

1840-c. 1852 Democrats and Whigs form this; Whigs strongly pro-BART + --what is “this”? 2nd party system (1st=Feds, Jeffs) The Second Party System Who: Democrats and Whigs What: A permanent two party system was spawned from the 1840 election. Democrats gloried in the liberty of an individual, and the Whigs gloried in the harmony of society and value of community. Democrats favored states’ rights and federal restraint in social and economic affairs, while the Whigs favored a renewed national bank, internal improvements, protective tariffs (BART), public school and moral reforms, including prohibition and the abolition of slavery. Sig: Both parties were “mass-based,” i.e., they tried to appeal to as many voters as possible. The two-party system, which is not in the constitution but is simply a matter of tradition in the U.S., became a permanent part of the American political landscape. Source: AP

1830 Jackson vetoes funds for highway in KY because it’s only in KY (blow to BART)—what do we call this veto? Maysville Road veto Maysville Road veto 1830 What: The Maysville Road Bill authorized the use of federal funds to build a road between Maysville and Lexington. Jackson vetoed this, claiming it unconstitutional because it applied only to the state of Kentucky. Jackson had previously pledged to reduce the national debt and this was a perfect opportunity. Sig: The veto dealt a blow to Henry Clay’s American System since it dealt with internal improvements. The Maysville Road veto does reflect Jackson’s left-side thinking. Source: “Encarta”

1830 Webster: constitution=supreme law of land; Hayne: U.S.= compact among states—name this 1830 event that occurred in the U.S. Senate Webster-Hayne Debate (one of the best speeches in U.S. history is Webster’s second reply to Hayne, January 26-27, 1830, in which he attacks nullification and ends with “Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!”) Supporters and opponents of federal supremacy: The Webster-Hayne debate 1830 Who: Senators Daniel Webster of Massachusetts and Robert Hayne of South Carolina What: Hayne argued that the federal Constitution was a compact among the sovereign states and raised the specter of nullification as an option for states harmed by federal action. Webster argued that the Constitution was not just an agreement among the states but the supreme law of the land. He attacked the radical states’ rights position as being destructive of the United States, asserting that civil war could be a consequence. Sig: The Webster-Hayne debate highlights the growing philosophical argument between federal supremacy and state sovereignty. Coming 30 years before the Civil War, the rhetoric is prophetic. Webster’s second reply to Hayne is a classic that ends with "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!" Source:

1828 Tariff of Abominations; Calhoun=South Carolina Exposition and Protest; 1832 tariff too high and SC nullifies; Jackson gets Force Bill; Clay brokers lower tariff; SC repeals ordinance of nullification but nullifies the Force Bill; nullification theory = states are sovereign—what do we call this crisis? Nullification Crisis Nullification Crisis— What: Tariff issue, including Tariff of Abominations/1828 Tariffs protected American industry against competition from European manufactured goods, but they also drove up prices for all Americans and invited retaliatory tariffs on American agricultural exports abroad. Southerners reacted angrily against the tariff because they believed the “Yankee tariff” discriminated against them. Calhoun wrote the “Exposition and Protest” which lifted up nullification. Ordinance of Nullification (South Carolina)/November 24, 1832 Although the 1832 tariff was lower than 1828, the people of South Carolina met “in convention assembled” and declared the tariff to be null and void within South Carolina, in clear violation of the Constitution’s supremacy clause. Force Bill/1833 Also know as the “Bloody Bill” it authorized the president to use the army and navy if necessary, to collect federal tariff duties. A compromise tariff was brokered by Clay. South Carolina repealed the ordinance of nullification, but then nullified the force bill. [This is the “s” word here: Who is sovereign, the U.S. with its supremacy clause or the people of the State of South Carolina ‘in convention assembled”?] Sig: Stepping-stone to Civil War. Nullification provides the legal justification for violation of the supremacy clause of the Constitution. Nullification is a strong states’ rights concept, not consistent with Article VI (supremacy clause) of the Constitution. Source: AP ,

1832 USSC says only feds, not states, can regulate Indian affairs; federal supremacy—name the decision Worcester v. Georgia Cherokee Indians and the Supreme Court What: Supreme Court decision, Worcester v. Georgia 31 U.S. 515 (1832), in which the Supreme Court held that Cherokee Native Americans were entitled to federal protection from the actions of state governments. Sig: This is a case of federal supremacy again, where the Court ruled that the U.S. government is the only agency to regulate Indian affairs (not the states). Jackson did nothing to enforce the decision, and Georgia was allowed to continue its abuse of the Cherokees. Source: AP265, and

1835 Tocqueville: Africans and Indians lose in U.S.; women do better than in Europe—name the book Democracy in America Democracy in America by DeTocqueville (published in 1835) What: The French traveler and observer wrote an analysis of America based on his journey in He observed that African-Americans and Indians are relegated to the lowest ends of the scale, that whites push out the Indians, that women fare better in the U.S. than in Europe, that there is no aristocracy in the U.S., and that fortunes are made on the basis of merit and opportunity in the U.S. Sig: Democracy in America is one of the most credible and widely read books on American society in the early nineteenth century. Even with its elitist, Eurocentric biases, it is a very good analysis of the U.S. in the 1830s. Source: AP266, 331, 557

1837 Speculation led to panic; Jacksonians call for independent treasury—name this economic event Panic of 1837 Panic of 1837 What: The cause of the Panic was the mania of get-rich-quick which caused large amounts of speculation. Gamblers in western lands were doing business off borrowed capital which eventually spread to canals, roads, railroads, and slaves. Failed wheat crop, high grain prices, failed banks, factories closing, and unemployed people were part of the Panic. Sig: One of the many recurring panics or recessions in U.S. History, the panic cause failed banks, factory closure, and unemployment. The panic helped create the Jacksonian Democrats’ demand for an Independent Treasury Source: AP

1840 Idea!! Put fed. $ in independent vaults, not state banks; will stop speculation—name this idea Independent treasury (Whigs repeal but Polk puts it back when he’s pres.) Van Buren Independent Treasury System 1840 Who: President Van Buren What: People thought that the financial fever and Panic of 1837 was caused by having federal funds in private banks (private banks could then speculate with U.S. funds). Van Buren wanted to separate the government from banking. With the establishment of the independent treasury the government locked its money in independent vaults in various cities, free from the control of state banks. The Whigs got rid of the independent treasury in the early 40s. Sig: Reenacted by the Democrats under Polk in 1846, the independent treasury system continued until merged with the Federal Reserve system in Source: AP275

This party elected 2 pres (Harrison ’40; Taylor ’48); agenda was BART + moral reforms, public education—name the party Whig Whigs (about 1832 to 1852) and the American System What: The Whigs favored a national bank, protective tariffs, internal improvements such as canals and roads, public schools, and moral reforms such as prohibition of liquor and abolition of slavery. [BART + reforms] They had many powerful leaders such as Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and John Quincy Adams. They elected presidents in 1840 and 1848 (Harrison and Taylor). Sig: The Whigs supported the BART system but eventually broke up in 1852 over slavery, most notably the Fugitive Slave Act of [The northern Whigs joined the Republican Party when it was formed in 1854.] Source: AP283

Summary 1830s: Good: expands vote, handles tariff controversy well; Bad: attack on BUS, Specie circular, Panic of ’37, treatment of Indians; 1840s: Good: establishes Independent treasury, gains from Mexican War, settles Oregon; Bad: imperialistic war with Mexico—what to we call this entire period? Jacksonian Democracy (Jackson ‘29-‘37; Van Buren ‘37-‘41; Polk ‘45-‘49) Jacksonian Democracy: successes and limitations Who: President Andrew Jackson and the Jacksonian Democrats (including Polk) Successes: supported laborers, artisans, farmers, and shop keepers (Lum’s LAFS). Citizens no longer needed property to vote. Handled the tariff controversy well. During Polk’s administration, secured the northern half of Mexico for the U.S., adding immensely to the nation’s wealth, and settled the Oregon boundary. Limitations: treated the Indians badly, destroyed the second bank of the United States, which contributed to the Panic of 1837, and created the spoils system; under Polk, engaged in an imperialistic war of conquest against a friendly nation (Mexico). Source: AP285-86, 304

Public road from MD to IL helps transportation and movement of goods—name the road National Road National Road and Cumberland Road Who: The federal government and the individual states. Where: Cumberland, in western Maryland, to Vandalia, in Illinois What: Westerners scored a notable triumph in 1811 when the federal government began to construct the elongated National Road, or Cumberland Road. The War of 1812 interrupted construction, and a states’ rights shackle on internal improvements hampered federal grants. But the thoroughfare was belatedly brought to its destination in 1852 by a combination of aid from the states and the federal government. Sig: The construction of these roads helped to stimulate the western expansion movement. Further, building national roads that link various regions of the nation together contributed to nationalism. The transportation system also contributed to the market revolution. Source: AP309-10

1825 NY builds canal from Buffalo to Albany; west can get goods to market now—name the canal Erie Canal Erie Canal 1825 Who: State of New York Where: The Hudson River at Albany, to Lake Erie What: The Erie Canal, linking the Hudson River at Albany, New York, with Lake Erie was completed in 1825 and became the first and most successful example of an artificial waterway in the U.S. A rash of construction followed it until canals linked every major waterway system east of the Mississippi River. Sig: This canal that ran east and west tied the new West to the old East and contributed to the development of a national economy, one in which farmers could move from simple subsistence farming to cash-crop farming. The transportation system that emerged allowed farm produce to move east and finished products to move west, thus connecting farmers with merchants and creating a national economy. Regional issues remained important, but increasingly those issues could be linked to national concerns (in this case, the production, distribution, and sale of goods and produce). Link all of this to the market revolution, where advances in transportation and manufacturing permitted inter-regional exchanges of goods and produce, thus making the farmer in the west dependent on the manufacturer in the east, and vice versa. Source: AP311-12

1828 on This form of transportation contributes to national market; major industry in later 1800s—name the mode of transportation Railroads Railroads What: The first railroad appeared in the U.S. in 1828, and by 1860 there were 30,000 miles of track, 3/4ths in the industrializing North. Railroads were less expensive than canals, could be built anywhere, and did not freeze over in winter. Railroads took over from canals by the 1850s. (Internal improvements in 1815 = canals; by 1860 = railroads) Sig: Railroads became a major industry in the later part of the nineteenth century. Railroads contributed greatly to the growth of a national market economy that linked all regions of the country together (but mostly east and west). Source: AP312-13

Cheap labor; keep Catholicism; prompts nativist reaction; stayed on east coast—what are we talking about here? Irish immigration Irish Immigration What: The Irish potato crop was destroyed in the 1840s, uprooting many Irish who emigrated to the U.S. With little money to move west they settled in eastern seaboard cities and became the cheap labor supply in competition with free African-American laborers. (Resentments rose over this.) They kept their own Catholic religion, which fomented resentment among Protestants. They started their own school systems and began to take over local political machines and police forces. While they were at the bottom of the socio-economic scale, they became a power to be reckoned with in eastern cities. Sig: From 1830 to 1860, some two million Irish came to the U.S. Another two million came between 1860 and They were a political and economic force that fueled American urban politics and industry. Source: AP291-93

1840s on Wealthier than Irish, moved inland, cultural diversity (kindergarten, beer), reformers—what are we talking about here? German immigration German Immigration What: In the 1840s and 1850s, almost two million Germans emigrated to the U.S. due to crop failures and the failure of the liberal revolution of They brought money with them and had the ability to spread out to the farmlands of the Midwest. Better-educated than many, they supported public schools (the Kindergarten) and they became outspoken defenders of freedom and relentless enemies of slavery. They were culturally different from most Americans and resentment directed at them was common. Sig: The Germans brought cultural diversity and many contributions to the U.S. They were hard-working, reform oriented, and freedom-loving. Source: AP295-96

1840s-50s Political party reacts against immigrants; anti-German, anti-Irish, anti-Catholic—name the party American or Know-Nothing Party American (Know-Nothing) Party and Nativism in the 1840s and 1850s What: A political party organized in 1849 around one issue, hatred of foreigners. It also spread some ugly anti-Irish, anti-German, and anti-Catholic propaganda. The party wanted restrictions on immigration and naturalization and the deportation of alien paupers. Sig: The Know-Nothing (American) Party reflected anti-immigrant nativist attitudes. (Nativism would reappear in U.S. history as a reaction to the flood of immigrants who came to the U.S. between the Civil War and World War I. Nativists had a great victory with the Immigration Act of 1924, which effectively reduced immigration to a trickle.) Source: AP

1840s on A woman’s place=home (artistic, moral are good), but too sensitive for labor market—put a name on this idea Cult of Domesticity Cult of Domesticity and Women’s Rights What: As the market economy created separate roles for men and women (with the men at work and the women at home), the idea of the “cult of domesticity” arose, whereby women at home were meant to teach the young how to be good and productive citizens within her special sphere. It was in the home that the woman was expected to display her morally and artistically superior sensitivities (according to the “cult of domesticity,” she was too emotionally and physically weak to handle the demands of the workplace). Sig: The “cult of domesticity” asserted the physical and emotional weaknesses of women while lifting up their moral and artistic strengths. This kind of discrimination was the foundation for keeping women politically and economically subordinate to men. The reaction to the “cult” can be seen in the Seneca Falls convention of 1848 (including the “Declaration of Sentiments”), Sojourner Truth’s “Ain’t I a woman?” speech, and Margaret Fuller’s feminist book, Women in the Nineteenth Century (1845). Source: AP331

1848 on Denied econ./polit. opportunity and freedom (married/property), women object; women fight for abolition and reforms; Wyoming Terr. grants vote 1869—what are we talking about here? Women’s rights movement Women’s rights and the role of women in the nineteenth century Who: Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Blackwell, Sojourner Truth, Margaret Fuller Where: The women’s rights movement was primarily in the northeast, but strong in other areas also. What: Women fought to break down the “cult of domesticity” that bound women to their homes. They were also involved in other reform movements of the 19th century such as temperance and abolition of slavery. Most importantly, Mott and Stanton were at the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848, which produced the “Declaration of Sentiments” (modeled after the Declaration of Independence). [The fight over abolition eclipsed the women’s rights movement up to the Civil War, and when African-American males got the vote in 1870, many women were genuinely disappointed and disillusioned that they did not get the vote also. While some states, notably western, granted the vote to women as early as 1869 (in Wyoming), women did not get the vote at the national level until the 19th amendment in 1920.] Sig: Starting with Seneca Falls, 1848, the women’s rights movement remains one of the most enduring civil rights movements in U.S. history. Source: AP

1845 Who wrote Women in the Nineteenth Century, a manifesto of the women’s rights movement? Margaret Fuller She was also the editor of The Dial, a transcendentalist magazine.

1848 Stanton, Mott, Declaration of Sentiments modeled on Dec of Ind; demands rights—name the event Seneca Falls Convention Start the women’s rights movement here (but remember, AP likes you to remember that Abigail Adams asked John to “remember the ladies” in 1776).

Horace Mann fights for longer hours, better teachers, improved curriculum—what are we talking about here? Education reform Education Reform, Who: Horace Mann, Noah Webster, William H. McGuffey, Emma Willard Where: Massachusetts and then the rest of the U.S. (through Horace Mann and his brilliant reforms on the Massachusetts Board of Education) What: Horace Mann’s reforms called for more 1) public schools, 2) higher pay for teachers, 3) longer teaching terms, and an 4) expanded curriculum. Schools were of poor quality and open only a few months of the year. Mann changed that as superintendent of schools in Massachusetts. Noah Webster wrote reading lessons for children and the dictionary, McGuffey published school reading books (the “Readers”.) Mary Lyon and Emma Willard each established a women’s seminary, and higher education was gaining throughout the country. Sig: Stimulated the modern public school system and focus on education. All of the goals of the education reformers were achieved: better training for and higher paid teachers, expanded curriculum, a longer school year, and better facilities. Source: AP

1820s-40s Finney leads revivals; reforms gain ground (PAW); Meth/Bapt gains are huge—name the event Second Great Awakening Second Great Awakening What: Evangelical Christian revivals swept across America, notably in the 1830s and most notably in western New York, which became known as the “burned-over district.” Known as the Second Great Awakening, it was a growing reaction to liberalism and deism. As new converts swelled the ranks of Methodists and Baptists churches, those converts were also encouraged to crusade against the wrongs in society, notably alcohol, slavery and women’s rights. Sig: The Second Great Awakening spawned many reform movements and was one of the most momentous episodes in U.S. religious history. Source: AP320-21

1830s-40s Name the great preacher of the Second Great Awakening and identify the reform movements he promoted. Charles G. Finney—prohibition, abolition, women’s rights (PAW, as in Finney put his “paw” on several antebellum reform movements Second Great Awakening: Charles G. Finney and his PAW agenda (1830’s) Who: Charles G. Finney was the greatest of the revival preachers during the Second Great Awakening. Sig: In addition to his preaching, he supported the PAW agenda. P: prohibition of alcohol. A: abolition of slavery. W: women’s rights and women involved with religion. He had a great influence on many people. Source: AP322, 364

1830s-40s Joseph Smith starts; Brigham Young leads them to Utah—name this religious group Mormons Mormons (1830’s-40’s) Who: Joseph Smith and Mormons Where: New York, Ohio, Missouri, Illinois What: Joseph Smith received golden plates from an angel, which became the Book of Mormon. People opposed Mormons because they voted as a unit and they practiced polygamy. In 1844, Joseph Smith and his brother were murdered in Illinois. Mormons then moved to Utah while being led by Brigham Young. Sig: This is the most significant religion that arose out of the Burned-Over district of New York during the Second Great Awakening. It is the dominant religion in Utah today. Source: AP323-24

Bible communism; complex marriage/selective breeding marginalizes sect—name this community Oneida Community Oneida Community Where: New York What: Founded by John Humphrey Noyes, who repudiated the old Puritan doctrines that God was vengeful and that sinful mankind was doomed to dwell in a vale of tears. He believed in free love (“complex marriage”), birth control, and “Bible Communism." (Complex marriage meant that each man was married to every woman in the society, and vice versa, with the understanding that sexual intercourse was permissible, but no two people could form a traditional union.) In 1880, Oneida left communism and became a joint-stock company specializing in the manufacture of silver tableware. Society marginalized the Oneida Community because of free love (“complex marriage”) and selective breeding. Sig: Was once one of the biggest utopian communities that arose out of the Second Great Awakening. Source: AP 334,

Transcendentalists lead communitarian lifestyle on 200 acre farm that fails but demonstrates utopian fervor of mid-century idealists—name the community Brook Farm Brook Farm Where: Massachusetts What: Transcendentalists settled on a 200 acre farm and practiced a communitarian lifestyle. A fire in 1846 destroyed their building and the experiment in “plain living and high thinking” collapsed in debt. Sig: Brook Farm demonstrates the utopian fervor that captured the imagination of idealists at mid-nineteenth century. Source: AP334

1830s-50s Emerson, Thoreau, Fuller elevate individual dignity; reformers; self-reliance—what group of people are we talking about here? Transcendentalists Transcendentalists 1830s-1850s Where: Largely in Massachusetts What: Transcendentalists denied that all knowledge comes to the mind from the senses (or the Bible) but instead every person has an inner light that illuminates the highest truths and puts one in touch with God, or the “Oversoul.” Exaltation of the dignity of the individual was paramount in transcendentalism, and from this came an array of humanitarian reforms. Best known: 1) Ralph Waldo Emerson. Emerson promoted self-reliance, self-confidence, and freedom, all of which were well in tune with the ideals being developed by the American people. His most notable speech was his 1837 “American Scholar.” (2) Henry David Thoreau, whose On the Duty of Civil Disobedience, influenced Gandhi and Martin Luther King. 3) Margaret Fuller, editor of the transcendentalist pamphlet Dial, and author of the feminist book Women in the Nineteenth Century (1845). Sig: Transcendentalism is strictly American and liberates the people from the grasp of European influences. The movement represents the independence, self-reliance, and idealism of many Americans. Source: AP

1820s on Thomas Cole; romanticized landscapes; break from Europe; cultural nationalism—name the art “school” Hudson River School Hudson River School 1825-on Who: A group of romantic landscape artists. Thomas Doughty, Albert Bierstadt, and Thomas Cole were some of the famous artists. See AP339 for Cole’s 1836 “Oxbow” (in the Connecticut River). What: The group focused on romantic styles of landscape painting. Sig: For the first time, a number of American artists began to devote themselves to landscape painting instead of portraiture. The works of these artists reflected a new concept of wilderness, one in which humans were an insignificant intrusion in a landscape more beautiful than fearsome. Source: AP 339

1820s on Bryant, Irving, Cooper=BIC=cultural nationalismname the “school” Knickerbocker School Knickerbocker School 1820s Who: William Cullen Bryant (Thanatopsis), Washington Irving (“Legend of Sleepy Hollow,” “Rip Van Winkle,” both in the Sketch Book), and James Fenimore Cooper (Leatherstocking Tales, including The Last of the Mohicans) [BIC illuminates the national literary landscape.] Sig: These three writers represent the emergence of a national literature, independent from Europe and can be seen as “cultural nationalism” following the War of 1812. Source: AP340

1830s on Douglass, Garrison, Truth promote this reform Abolition
Abolition 1830s-1860s Who: Frederick Douglass (spoke against slavery, looked towards politics and government to support the cause. Theodore Dwight Weld (spoke against slavery and wrote the pamphlet, American Slavery As It Is), William Lloyd Garrison (The Liberator and the American Anti-Slavery Society), Sojourner Truth (abolitionist and women’s rights) Where: Primarily in the northeast area, but did spread westward What: Through written messages, boycotts, and speeches, they fought for the abolition of slavery. Sig: Fought for abolition of slavery; began to question the true meaning of equality; and caused divided opinions which propelled the nation towards the Civil war. Source: AP

1850s on Neil Dow and women fight for this Prohibition
Temperance and Prohibition--1850s Who: Neal S. Dow (sponsored Maine prohibition law) and many women Where: Primarily the northeast What: Two avenues of attack: 1) prohibition (no alcohol sale permitted) by law. Example: Maine Law of 1851 prohibited the manufacture and sale of intoxicating liquor. 2) temperance, meaning be moderate in drinking alcohol. Example: American Temperance Society 1826: fought to reduce temptation and urge to drink. Sig: Alcohol negatively affected many lives, and with the temperance movement, it showed the growing concern for the overall quality of life. Women, locked into a society that valued the “cult of domesticity,” had to rely on men for economic well-being. Thus women led the temperance movement. Source: AP329-30

1840s on Who fought for humane treatment of mentally ill? Dorothea Dix
Criminals and the insane--1830’s and 40’s Who: Dorothea Dix Where: Massachusetts and then elsewhere as the movement spread What: Criminal punishments were reduced and prisons began to reform and correct criminals. Dix wrote and spoke against the inhumane conditions of insane asylums until their conditions were improved. Her 1843 petition to the Massachusetts legislature was the turning point in the treatment of the mentally ill. Sig: Treatment of criminals and mentally ill improved. Criminals were to be reformed instead of just punished; and mentally ill people would no longer be chained in jails or poor houses. Source: AP328-9

1840s-50s God ordained U.S. to take all to Pacific, then in ‘50s reach into Latin America—name this idea Manifest Destiny Manifest Destiny 1840’s-1850s What: The idea of “manifest destiny” is that God ordained the American people to rule from the Atlantic to the Pacific (and later, in the 1850s, the idea was expanded to look to the south into Central America, Cuba, Mexico). Sig: Manifest Destiny was a latently (hidden or unknown) racist and manifestly (visible or known) imperialistic notion that engendered a sense of national pride and led the American people to believe that developing the American empire at the expense of others was not only good but ordained by God. Source: AP371

Alamo (’36) leads to independence; slavery issue keeps this area out of U.S. until 1845—name the area Texas Texas What: Texas fought a war of independence (1836) with the Mexicans but was refused entry into the U.S. in part because of the slavery issue. In 1845, during the last days of the Tyler administration, Texas was admitted as a slave state (annexed by joint resolution of Congress and signed by President Tyler). Sig: Demonstrates the difficulties associated with the issue of slavery in the territories or in any new state. Clay’s straddling of the fence on the issue of Texas may have cost him the presidency in 1844 (Polk won, 1,338,464 to 1,300,097). Source: AP375-76

1846 Polk/Britain agree to 49th parallel to divide this territory: good deal for both—name the area Oregon Oregon 1846 What: This was a compromise agreement with Britain, whereby the border was set at the 49th parallel. The U.S. and Britain under the Compromise of 1818 jointly occupied the Oregon country. By the 1840s, Americans settlers perfected their title by moving to Oregon, while the British lost interest in the southern part of the country. Neither side wanted a confrontation over Oregon. Polk did not get a fight—he got a good compromise instead. Compromise was necessitated in part because the U.S. just started a war with Mexico. Sig: Resolved a longstanding point of contention between the U.S. and Britain. Provided the U.S. with territory that would ultimately become the states of Oregon, Idaho, Washington and some of Montana. Source: AP376-81

Polk prompts war; gets all from TX to Pacific; Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo (2-2-48)—name the war Mexican War Polk and the Mexican War Who: James Polk, Mexico What: A war started over Polk’s desire for Mexican lands west of Texas, notably California. When U.S. troops advanced to the Rio Grande, in an area claimed by Mexico (between the Nueces and the Rio Grande), the Mexicans confronted the U.S. and the war began. Sig: The U.S. gained the northern half of Mexico, including much of the American southwest. (See Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo/February 1848) Source: AP381-89

1846 Pennsylvania representative proposes no slavery in lands taken from Mexico in upcoming war; fails (2)—name this Wilmot Proviso The Wilmot Proviso 1846 Who: David Wilmot, Democratic representative from Pennsylvania What: At the start of the Mexican War, Wilmot proposed, as part of a war appropriations bill, that slavery be excluded from any territory acquired from Mexico. The Wilmot Proviso passed the House twice and failed in the Senate twice. Sig: Although the Proviso failed, the discussion brought into sharp focus the differences then existing on the slavery question. (Emerson was right when he said: “Mexico will poison us.”) Source: AP388-89

1848 Name the treaty ending the Mexican War
Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo February 2, 1848 Who: James Polk, Nicholas P. Trist, Mexican “government” What: To conclude the Mexican War, Polk dispatched Nicholas Trist to Mexico City. The Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo was signed by Trist and forwarded to Washington. The treaty confirmed the American title to Texas and yielded the enormous area stretching westward to the Pacific Ocean, including California. The United States agreed to pay $15 million for the land and to assume the claims of its citizens against Mexico in the amount of $3,250,000. Sig: Added the American southwest to the United States. Also contributed to the “burning” discussion of slavery in the territories, all of which resulted in the Compromise of 1850 (California = free state; Utah and New Mexico territories organized on basis of popular sovereignty; strong fugitive slave law; Texas boundary adjusted; D.C. slave trade outlawed), Source: AP384-85

1820 MO slave; ME free; no slavery in LA territory above 36°30' north latitude—name this Missouri Compromise Missouri Compromise 1820 (this is a PEP repeat because it is so important) Who: North (US), South (US), and Henry Clay Where: Missouri, the remainder of the Louisiana Territory, and Maine What: Congress agreed to admit Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a separate free state. This kept the balance between the North and the South at twelve states each. (Balance was critical to maintain slave power in the Senate). Although the state of Missouri was permitted to retain slaves, all future bondage was prohibited in the remainder of the Louisiana Purchase territory north of the line of 36o30’, which was the latitude of the southern boundary of the state of Missouri. Sig: The Missouri Compromise deferred final discussion of slavery. In the end, the Civil War finally resolved the issue. Jefferson called it the “death knell” of the Union. (Death knell is a bell tolled slowly at the time of a funeral.) Source: AP247-48

1831 on Radical abolitionist; Liberator (1st=1-1-31); Southerners start to defend slavery after he starts his campaign—name him William Lloyd Garrison William Lloyd Garrison Who: A journalist, abolitionist, and social activist, he turned his energies to fighting slavery. He gave many public speeches against slavery, and started The Liberator, an anti-slavery newspaper. He favored ‘immediate and complete emancipation’ of slaves. Sig: He was the source of inspiration for those opposed to slavery. He fueled Southern hostility because he wanted to free the slaves immediately and without compensation to the owners. Sources: AP 364 Also The Liberator Who: Published by William Lloyd Garrison What: An anti-slavery, pro-immediate emaciation newspaper When: January 1, 1831 begins publishing Sig: A significant part of the abolitionist movement. The weekly magazine went from the 1830s to the end of the Civil War, in all producing 1,820 issues after 35 years. The main topic of the liberator was peaceful and immediate emancipation of slaves through passive resistance.

1833 Supports immediate abolition; later for Liberty, Free-Soil, and Republican parties—name the organization American Anti-Slavery Society American Anti-Slavery Society 1833 Who: Founded by dedicated abolitionists What: The American Anti-Slavery Society was a promoter, with its state and local auxiliaries, of the cause of immediate abolition of slavery in the United States. It fractured in 1840 over the role of women in the organization and the organization’s promotion of women’s rights in addition to abolition. The politicized elements supported the Liberty Party in 1840, the Free-Soil Party in 1848, and the Republican Party from 1854 on. Sig: The Society demonstrates how abolition rose to become one of the most important antebellum reform movements. Source: AP

Name the institution that was the heart of the sectional controversy in the antebellum period Slavery (read this lengthy note on the notes page—you have to know this) Slavery in general from 1800 to 1860 What: After the gin (1793), upland cotton could be raised profitably. The cotton raised could feed the cotton textiles industry in the North and Europe (Britain, notably). The existing labor supply in the South was slaves, and the demand for slaves increased as the cotton culture spread throughout the U.S. south and southwest in the early nineteenth century. Slaves were property with no civil or political rights. After the international slave trade was prohibited in 1808, natural reproduction accounted for the increase in slave numbers. A prime field hand sold for about $500 in 1830 and $1,800 in Britain and the North depended on Southern cotton to feed the mills, and hundreds of thousands of workers would go unemployed if the supply were to be cut off. David Christy wrote Cotton is King in 1855, and Senator Hammond (S.C.) said, in 1858, “No one dare make war on cotton.” The Southern planters were powerful and successful in the 1850s, and they relied upon and defended slavery as the labor supply that was at the root of their wealth. Some slaves lived in towns, perhaps rented out by their owners. Some were skilled at some craft (carpentry). Many more slaves lived in slave quarters on plantations. Many were married and had their families with them on plantations, and yet, as property, any slave was subject to being sold “down the river.” [Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852) had a powerful impact on this issue.] While plantation owners had an economic self-interest in caring for their slave property, abuses were widely reported in the Northern press and among abolitionists. Rape, murder, and mutilation of slaves were not unknown on plantations. Publication of these atrocities enflamed both North and South (for opposite reasons, with the Southern position being that such reports were gross exaggerations). Slaves were generally submissive, and yet there were exceptions. The Stono rebellion of 1739, Gabriel Prosser rebellion of 1800, Denmark Vesey rebellion in 1822, and Nat Turner rebellion in 1831 speak to the desire of slaves to be free. While all of those rebellions were suppressed, slaves had other ways to fight back: 1) petty theft; 2) negligence and breakage of equipment; and 3) work slow-downs. Whites had a great fear of slave rebellion, accounting for repressive laws limiting communications and travel among the slaves. Religion played an important role in the life of slaves. Combining African religious rites with basic Christian doctrines, slaves spoke and sang quietly among themselves of Israel in Egypt and liberation from the yoke of slavery. More militant Christians among the slaves spoke of the flight to and then into Canaan, where militaristic confrontation with the Canaanites (slaveowners) was to be expected. (Slaveowners, not unaware of these developments, increasingly limited communication among slaves as the nineteenth century progressed.) Sig: Slavery was inextricably intertwined with the social, technological, political, legal, economic, and religious life of the United States from the 1660s to the 1860s. To understand U.S. history, one must understand slavery. Source: Generally Chapter 16 from AP350-70

1837 speech in Senate This So. Car. Senator argues that slavery is a positive good; blasts North. Bosses—name him John C. Calhoun Calhoun’s Defense of Slavery as a Positive Good (1837) Who: Sen. John C. Calhoun of S. Carolina What: Speech given in the Senate. Calhoun believed that the relationship between enslaved African people and free whites “forms the most solid and durable foundation on which to rear free and stable political constitutions.” He believed that there should be a subservient level of people (Africans) that should work under the more mentally capable individuals (whites), and that Africans are equally benefited by this relationship as their white counterparts, since they were “rescued” from the barbarism of the jungle and “clothed with the blessings of Christian civilization.” Further, he argued that Northern workers fared worse than slaves. Sig: Calhoun’s argument demonstrates the early reaction to abolitionism as southerners felt obligated to take up the defense of their “peculiar institution.” As the Civil War neared, attitudes hardened on both sides. Source: AP367 and Calhoun’s speech, “Slavery a Positive Good” (handout)

1817?-1895 Brilliant orator and writer; most prominent of the black abolitionists—name him Frederick Douglass Frederick Douglass 1817?-95 Who: Brilliant orator and writer; most prominent of the black abolitionists. He wrote Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an autobiographical account of his life, including his escape to the North. He looked to politics to end slavery: he supported the Liberty party in 1840, the Free Soil party in 1848, and the Republicans in the 1850s. Sig: He was the most significant African-American abolitionist of the period whose courage and eloquence promoted the abolitionist cause. Source: AP365-66

1840s-50s Right of the people in territories to vote to have slavery or no slavery--name this idea Popular Sovereignty Popular Sovereignty 1840s-1850s What: This involved the right of the people in territories to vote to have slavery or no slavery. Stephen Douglas (Dem., Illinois) championed popular sovereignty. Sig: Popular Sovereignty was meant to turn the national issue of slavery into smaller, more local issues, but failed to extinguish the fires lit by the abolitionists and free-soilers (Wilmot Proviso, Compromise of 1850, Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854, Bleeding Kansas of 1856, Dred Scott of 1857). Source: AP390-91

1850 CA=free; no slave trade in D.C.; NM/UT terr.=pop.sov.; strong fug. slave act; Texas boundary adjusted for $10 million—name these five acts Compromise of 1850 Compromise of 1850 What: A set of five laws collectively called the Compromise of 1850 Concessions to the North: 1) California was admitted as a free state. 2) Territory disputed by Texas and New Mexico was surrendered to New Mexico (Texas received $10 million from the federal government as compensation.). 3) Slave trade was abolished in Washington D.C. Concessions to the South: 1) The remainder of the Mexican Cession area was to be formed into the territories of New Mexico and Utah, without restriction on slavery (open to popular sovereignty). 2) A more stringent fugitive slave law was implemented, going beyond that of 1793. Sig: The Compromise of 1850 was an effort to defuse the slavery issue, but the Fugitive Slave Act exploded in the faces of both North and South and further divided the nation. Source: AP

1850 Part of Comp. of ’50; NO passes personal liberty laws ; resentment in NO and SO builds—name the act Fugitive Slave Act Fugitive Slave Act (1850) What: “The Bloodhound Bill” stirred up a storm of opposition in the North. Fleeing slaves could not testify on their own behalf and were denied a jury trial. The federal commissioner who handled the fugitive’s case would be given five dollars if the runaways were freed and ten dollars if not, which looked like a bribe in favor of slavecatchers/slaveowners. Sig: It prompted the Northerners’ “personal liberty laws,” which denied local jails to federal officials and otherwise hindered enforcement of the Fugitive Slave. The South, on the other hand, gave up equality in the Senate (CA = free state) in return for a strong fugitive slave law, only to see its power diminished by Northern opposition. Both North and South were alienated by the Fugitive Slave Act of The Whigs broke up over it in 1852. Source: AP

1852 Enflamed passions in both NO and SO; written in response to Fug. Slave Act--name the book Answer: Uncle Tom’s Cabin Who wrote it? Harriet Beecher Stowe Uncle Tom’s Cabin 1852 Who: Harriett Beecher Stowe wrote the novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin. What: The novel sold over 7 million copies worldwide. It spoke of the cruel treatment of slaves in America as well as stories from the Underground Railroad. Many Northerners hated slavery after reading this novel. Abraham Lincoln later said this novel started the Civil War (a comment made to Stowe during the War: "So this is the little lady that started the big war.") Foreign countries now were hesitant to trade with the South now that they were aware of the treatment of slaves in America. Sig: The novel enflamed the South and many proslavery books were published to counter the influence of Uncle Tom’s Cabin. The book is one of the most influential in U.S. history. (Don’t neglect the obvious fact that the book is written by a woman.) Source: AP410

1853 Part of Mexico (now AZ/NM) for $10 mill.; to build southern railroad—name this purchase Gadsden Purchase Gadsden Purchase 1853 What: The United States wanted a piece of land for a southern railroad. The land ran through Mexico. James Gadsden, a South Carolina railroad man, was appointed minister to Mexico. Gadsden negotiated a treaty (1853) by which the United States purchased the land for 10 million dollars. That land is southern Arizona and New Mexico today. A southern route would be easier to build, cost less, and would satisfy Southern demands for a western railroad Sig: The Gadsden Purchase facilitated the building of a southern railroad to the west coast and was the last territorial acquisition of the U.S. in the “lower 48.” Source: AP404-05

1854 Remainder of LA terr.=pop.sov.; KS and NE terr. formed; free-soilers enraged; Republican Party emerges—name the act Kansas-Nebraska Act Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 Who: Law sponsored by Stephen A. Douglas What: The Act said that instead of using the terms of the Missouri Compromise, which provided that all territories north of 36º30' in the remainder of the Louisiana Purchase territory should be free, the area will be split into Kansas and Nebraska territories, and popular sovereignty shall determine slavery or no slavery in the territory (and by inference in future states). Sig: The Act angered free-soilers because it opened territory previously closed to slavery (under the Missouri Compromise) to the potential of slavery. The Republican Party emerged as a result of this Act. Further, the Act led to “bleeding Kansas” in 1856 as free-soilers and slavers competed to establish different governments. Bleeding Kansas foreshadowed the coming of the Civil War. Source: AP407-08

North based party; for BART and no slavery in territories; higher educ; homesteads—name the party Republican Party Republican Party (origins, goals, and position on slavery) 1854 to present Who: Many Whigs, Liberty party members, Know-Nothings, and Free Soil members became Republicans as their respective parties disbanded. What: After the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854, the Whig party was ended, and meetings in the upper Midwestern states started the formation of a new party opposed to the spread of slavery into the western territories. One meeting, at Ripon, Wisconsin, on March 20, 1854, is widely known as the beginning of the Republican party. At the start, it was a northern (free state) based party that was dedicated to the prevention of the spread of slavery into the territories (in reaction to the Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854). The Party did not mean to interfere with slavery in Southern states but insisted that slavery not be allowed to expand in the territories (the implication being that slavery would become less and less significant as more and more free states were added to the Union, a point that was not lost among Southern defenders). The domestic agenda at the start of the party was BART (banks, internal improvements railroads, and higher tariffs), opposition to the extension of slavery in the territories, higher education, and homesteads for small farmers. Sig: The Republican Party became a major player in United States politics, electing many presidents, beginning with Lincoln in In addition to being the party of Lincoln and winning the Civil War, the Republican Party’s agenda dominated U.S. politics for several decades (essential pro-business). Source: AP408

1857 Slaves can’t sue; MO Comp.=unconst.; free blacks can’t be citizens; bad decision—name it Dred Scott decision Dred Scott decision 1857 What: In March of 1857, the United States Supreme Court, led by Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, declared that blacks -- slaves as well as free -- were not and could never become citizens of the United States. The court also declared the 1820 Missouri Compromise unconstitutional, thus permitting slavery in all of the country's territories. The case before the court was that of Dred Scott v. Sandford. Dred Scott, a slave who had lived in the free state of Illinois and the free territory of Wisconsin before moving back to the slave state of Missouri, had appealed to the Supreme Court in hopes of being granted his freedom. Taney -- a staunch supporter of slavery and intent on protecting Southerners from Northern aggression -- wrote in the Court's majority opinion that, because Scott was black, he was not a citizen and therefore had no right to sue. The framers of the Constitution, he wrote, believed that blacks "had no rights which the white man was bound to respect; and that the Negro might justly and lawfully be reduced to slavery for his benefit. He was bought and sold and treated as an ordinary article of merchandise and traffic, whenever profit could be made by it." Referring to the language in the Declaration of Independence that includes the phrase, "all men are created equal," Taney reasoned that "it is too clear for dispute, that the enslaved African race were not intended to be included, and formed no part of the people who framed and adopted this declaration " Sig: This decision lifted the spirits of the proslavery forces and further enflamed the passions of the abolitionists. The decision itself, coming just a few years before the Civil War, contributed to the heated rhetoric that caused both sides to refuse to compromise and settle the slavery issue short of war. [The 14th amendment (1868), conferring citizenship on former slaves and blacks, was a response to Dred Scott. The 14th amendment says: “All persons born or naturalized in the United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside.”] Source: AP417-18

1857 KS constitution is pro-slave; Douglas opposes and loses SO Dem. Support—name this constitution Lecompton Constitution and crisis Lecompton Crisis 1857 Who: Proslavery Forces Where: Kansas What: Proslavery Forces in Kansas devised a tricky document known as the Lecompton Constitution. The people were not allowed to vote for or against the constitution as a whole, but for the constitution either “with slavery” or “with no slavery.” If they voted against slavery, one of the remaining provisions of the constitution would protect the owners of slaves already in Kansas so there would still be black bondage in Kansas no matter what. Sig: In a congressional debate that at one point broke into a fistfight, enough Northern Democrats finally defected from their party to reject the Lecompton Constitution. Democratic Senator Douglas opposed the Lecompton Constitution, which cost him Southern democratic support, thus further dividing the Democratic Party and lifting up the prospects for the more unified Republicans. Source: AP413-14

1858 IL senate race debate with Lincoln; Douglas articulates this doctrine, that people can vote vs. slavery in a territory if they want to and slavery will “stay down”—name this “doctrine” Freeport Doctrine Lincoln-Douglas debates, 1858 Who: Lincoln (Republican) and Douglas (Democrat) What: This was a series of seven debates between August and October of 1858, where Lincoln and Douglas opposed one another in a race for a Senate seat. These debates helped Douglas win the Senate seat but ruined his chance of winning the presidency. This contributed to the split of his party after the debate at Freeport. Essentially, Lincoln got Douglas to admit that if the people of a territory decided against slavery, the slavery would not be permitted—a seeming contradiction of the Constitution as interpreted in the Dred Scott decision. Sig: The Freeport Doctrine alienated Southerners who found it increasingly difficult to support Douglas and led to the fracture of the Democratic Part in The Lincoln-Douglas debate platform thus proved to be one of the preliminary battlefields of the Civil War. Source: AP421-22

Cotton is King; no one dare make war on cotton; SO arrogance here is misplaced—name this idea “King Cotton” King Cotton Where: The southern states of the Union. What: When Eli Whitney introduced his cotton gin in 1793, the southern cotton industry rode a wave to power. To supply the growing textile industry cotton farmers needed slaves to raise the cotton. One half of all American exports could be represented by the cotton industry alone after The South exported cotton to the North, providing for their textile industry, and European textile industries as well. About seventy-five percent of the British cotton in its textile manufacturing came from the South. Sig: The southern states felt that Europe as well as the North could not survive without southern cotton, causing them to believe “cotton is king.” The South believed if they were forced into a war against the North, Europe would have to take their side and assist them in the fight against the North because they believed Europe would not survive without southern cotton. Source: AP

1859 Abolitionist radical=violent assault on Harper’s Ferry; becomes martyr for North—name this man John Brown John Brown's Raid October Who: John Brown and a group of northern abolitionists. Where: Harpers Ferry, western Virginia. What: John Brown devised a scheme to invade the South and call black slaves to rise, hoping to deliver them from bondage and create a free black state. Yet, as few blacks were aware of this attempted liberation, his plan failed and when Brown led several anti-slavery followers to capture the federal arsenal at Harpers Ferry, several innocent bystanders were killed or wounded. Captured by the U.S. Marines, Brown was swiftly executed. Many revered Brown as a martyr for the abolitionist cause while others denounced his violent and seemingly irrational means to liberate the slaves. Sig.: The raid fueled the conflict between the North and the South and rallied the anti-slavery movement while raising questions about the correct way to deliver the oppressed slaves (using violent tactics to liberate was questioned). Source: AP422-25

1860 party platform No slavery in territories; BART; public education; homesteads—this is the platform of what party Republican Party The election of 1860: Lincoln and the Republican Party Platform What: Elected as candidate for the Republican Party and eventually President, Lincoln's Republican platform seduced many of its Northern followers. Non-extension of slavery, a protective tariff, a Pacific railroad, internal improvement paid for by federal means, and free homesteads from the public domain, were only some of the ideas that existed on the platform and had obvious to appeal to Northerners and none for Southerners. (Good BART here in platform.) Note the platform was not abolitionist but simply anti-extension of slavery in the territories. Sig.: The election determined the fate of the United States as it delicately balanced the issue of peace or civil war. The North was given the upper hand as it had a union-minded president to back it up. South Carolina called for a convention to declare for secession just after Lincoln’s election. (The convention met and South Carolina seceded in December, more than two months before Lincoln’s inauguration on March 4, 1861.) Source: AP425-27

Fort at Charleston, SC: Confederates open fire, starting Civil War—name the fort Fort Sumter Fort Sumter April Who: Union fort and Confederate artillery Where: Charleston Harbor What: Fort Sumter was one of two important federal forts based in the South. Low on provisions, Sumter would have to surrender in time if it was not re-supplied. The South Carolinians would not tolerate a Union fort standing between them and one of their most valuable Atlantic seaports. When Lincoln decided to send provisions to the fort, the South opened fire on the fort and the attack resulted in Union surrender. Lincoln used the defeat to unite the North. Lincoln, using the same words Washington used to call up the militia in 1794 (Whiskey Rebellion), called up 75,000 militiamen and declared his intention to enforce the laws. He ordered the rebels to disperse. They did not do so, of course, and the Civil War began. Sig.: The firing on Fort Sumter and Lincoln’s call for the militia represent the start of America’s Civil War in April, Four years and one million casualties later, the Union prevailed. Source: AP435

20 million in NO vs. 9 in SO; 5X as many mfg. plants in NO.; SO needs quick war—name this in general North v. South in Civil War (see the notes) North vs. South - economy, military, population 1861 – 1865 Who: The Union [all free states and four (five after 1863) slave states] and eleven Southern Slave States What: The free-labor and slavery-based labor systems of North and South both reflected and heightened an economic differentiation between the sections. The states of the Middle Atlantic and New England regions developed a commercial market economy in the first half of the nineteenth century, and gave birth to the nation's first factories. The Old Northwest, the free states west of the Appalachians, had an agricultural economy that exported its surplus production to the other U.S. regions and to Europe. The South depended upon large-scale production of export crops, primarily cotton and (to a lesser extent) tobacco, raised by slaves. (Slaves were a key component in Southern wealth, comprising the second most valuable form of property in the region, after real estate.) Some of its cotton was sold to New England textile mills, though much more of it was shipped to Britain. The dominance of this crop led to the expression "King Cotton." But shipping, brokerage, insurance, and other financial mediation for the trade were centered in the North, particularly in New York City. Militarily, the North was much stronger than the South. The North could command a larger army and had a navy (the South could field smaller armies and had no navy). However, the South had the upper hand in leadership as it had better generals at the start of the war. The North also had the upper hand with 20 million people while the South only had 9 million people. The North had over 100,000 factories while the South had about 20,000. Sig: These key differences between the North and the South were extremely important because they ultimately decided the victors of the war and determined the history of our country. With advantages in population, firepower, and industry, the North won the war. (Had it been a quick war, these advantages would not have been important). Source: AP438-43

Lincoln could not alienate four slave states still in Union (DEL, MD, KY, MO)--What do we call these states? Border States Lincoln and the Border States Issue Who: Border States (Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, Missouri) What: The Lincoln administration regarded Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky, and Missouri (slave states loyal to the Union) as critical because of their geographical position. The Border States represented a serious dilemma for President Lincoln. He was convinced they were essential to victory (Lincoln: “I hope I have God on my side, but I have to have Kentucky”). He could not afford to alienate them with his emancipation policies, which could have driven them into the Confederacy. He had to maintain that the war was to maintain the Union and not free the slaves. He thus incurred the scorn of abolitionists. (The Emancipation Proclamation, effective , did not free any slaves in Union-held land, only Confederate-held land. The 13th Amendment in 1865 freed all slaves.) Though the Border States remained in the Union, there were bitter divisions within those states. Sig: These states played a large role in the victory of the North and pointed to one of Lincoln’s wartime dilemmas. Source: AP436-38

1861 Union war goal—name it Preserve union (later add emancipation)
Union war goals What: The goal of the Union at the start of the Civil War was preservation of the Union. By the end of the war emancipation had been added as a war goal. Sig: Expansion of war goals over time demonstrates how war effects rapid change in society. (Had it not been for the war, slavery would have continued indefinitely into the future.) Source: Class notes

180,000 served; 38,000 killed; 54th Mass.=1st regiment in ’63; full pay by 1864—name these soldiers in general African American soldiers African-American Soldiers of the Civil War Who: African-American Soldiers Where: United States What: Approximately 180,000 African Americans comprising 163 units served in the Union Army during the Civil War, and many more African Americans served in the Union Navy. Both free African-Americans and runaway slaves joined the fight. On July 17, 1862, Congress passed two acts allowing the enlistment of African Americans, but official enrollment occurred only after the September 1862 issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation. In actual numbers, African American soldiers comprised 10% of the entire Union Army. In over 500 engagements, black soldiers won 22 Congressional Medals of Honor and more than 38,000 were killed. Discrimination in pay and other areas remained widespread. Soldiers of African descent were to receive $10.00 a month, plus a clothing allowance of $3.50, but the Army held back the full amount. Many regiments struggled for equal pay, some refusing any money until June 15, 1864, when Congress granted equal pay for all black soldiers. Sig: This marked the first time African Americans were allowed to fight as an organized and segregated unit in a war (starting with the 54th Massachusetts Infantry). Blacks were also granted the same pay as white soldiers even though it came near the end of the war Source: AP462-63

C.S.A. commerce raider; points to delicate diplomatic issue with Britain—name the ship C.S.S. Alabama C.S.S. Alabama (Confederate raider ) What: The Alabama was the most significant Confederate commerce-raider built by Britain. Although flying the Confederate flag it never entered a Confederate port. Britain was the chief naval base of the Confederacy. The Alabama captured over sixty vessels until a Union cruiser destroyed it off the coast of France in 1864. Sig: This shows how powerful the Confederacy was with the help of Britain. The Alabama and Britain’s role in the Civil War was a source of contention between the Union and Britain. (After the Emancipation Proclamation and intervention by Union diplomats, Britain began to withdraw overt support for the South.) Source: AP445

1862 Law grants 160 acres for small fee to settlers (previous: land sales=revenue)—name the act Homestead Act Homestead Act 1862 What: An act passed by Congress in 1862 which provided for the distribution of 160 acres of public land for a fee of $30. About half a million families took advantage of the Homestead Act. This act was not as beneficial as it seemed to be at first because the 160 acres was inadequate on the rain-scarce Great Plains. Settlers would rather buy cheap land from a railroad than settle on free public land far from a railroad or other settlements. Sig: The Homestead Act was part of the Republican Party’s agenda during the Civil War. The act can be seen as part of westward expansion of the American people (excluding Native-Americans). Source: AP

Union “victory” shows Br/Fr Union power; Emancipation Proclamation follows—name the battle Antietam Antietam September 17, 1862 Who: George McClellan (USA) and Robert E. Lee (CSA) What: Lee invaded Maryland and was confronted by McClellan in one of the bloodiest battles of the Civil War. While a draw, Lee withdrew back into Virginia and the North called it a “victory.” Lincoln used the “victory” as the occasion to issue the preliminary emancipation proclamation. Sig: France and Britain, upon seeing the Union’s unexpected power at Antietam, and further prompted by the Emancipation Proclamation, backed off from any further overt (formal) support for the Confederacy. Source: AP

1-1-63 All slaves in land still in rebellion are free as of ; turns War into crusade—name this event Emancipation Proclamation Emancipation Proclamation January 1, 1863 Who: Lincoln What: This was Lincoln’s Proclamation to free the slaves in all Confederate areas still in rebellion. The Civil War was turned into a moral crusade as Union armies advanced into slave territory. As the armies advanced, slaves were freed. No slaves were to be freed in the Border States or Confederate lands then held by the Union. Lincoln would not free all slaves, because that would lose him the support of the Border States that were slave and loyal to the Union. Sig: The Civil War became a moral crusade to abolish slavery, thus demonstrating to the world that more was at stake than simple preservation of the Union. The Emancipation Proclamation changed the nature of the war because it effectively removed any chance of a negotiated settlement. Source: AP

1862 Rep. education act for land-grant colleges (Texas A&M, e.g.); far-sighted—name the act Morrill Act Higher Education: The Morrill Act of 1862 What: This was a farsighted and statesmanlike law that provided a generous grant of the public lands to the states for support of education. These “land-grant colleges,” many of them becoming state universities, in turn bound themselves to provide certain services, such as military training (e.g., Texas A&M). An increasing number of women were participating in higher education. Sig: After the Civil War, a college education seemed to be indispensable. This Act furthered the sudden spurt of colleges and universities that occurred after the Civil War. [Republican agenda during Civil War: BART + Homestead + Education + preserve Union] Source: AP

To provide food, clothing shelter, education for freed slaves; education a big name this agency Freedmen’s Bureau Freedmen’s Bureau March 3, 1865 Who: Congress; Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandonment Lands Where: South and former plantation areas What: An agency established by Congress at the end of the Civil War to provide food, clothing, shelter, education, and employment for the newly freed slaves. During its brief existence, the bureau spent over $17 million and started over four thousand schools for black children. Sig: The Freedmen’s Bureau was the national government’s legitimate but in the end inadequate effort to care for the welfare of millions of “freedmen.” The Bureau did have some success in education for former slaves. Sources: AP484 and Houghton Mifflin’s “The Great American History Fact-Finder”

1865 This amendment frees the slaves 13th Amendment
Thirteenth Amendment 1865 What: Freed all slaves without compensation. [This was one of the three “Civil War” amendments; 13th = abolish slavery (1865); 14th = provided citizenship to African-Americans (1868); 15th = give African-American adult males the vote (1870).) Sig: Completely abolished slavery. Source: AP461, A44

1865 on Freed slaves share crop proceeds (50/50) or become tenants on farms and forever indebted to owners and stores; this reconfigures SO agriculture after the Civil War—what do we call this? Tenant farming/sharecropping Sharecropping and tenant farming: Abuses by landowners and merchants (after the Civil War): The reconfiguration of Southern Agriculture Where: South What: White and black sharecroppers now tilled the soil for a share of the crop (e.g., profits from the crop are split 50/50) or they became tenants in bondage to their landlords (tenants tilled the soil in return for land, housing, and money for supplies). Former slaves used sharecropping and tenant farming as a system of production. Sharecropping was the “predominant capital labor arrangement.” Sharecropping became a trap forced upon the blacks that often had freedmen stuck in its unfair systems for years. Unfortunately, these systems brought about “intense explicit or implicit desire of white Southerners to keep blacks subservient to them.” In addition to being held to the land by the landlord, farmers would buy on credit from merchants, using future crops as a “lien.” Merchants manipulated the system to keep sharecroppers and tenants in perpetual debt. The systems often were manipulated by whites and cheated the blacks out of the little success and profit they had. Sig: Landowners and merchants kept poor white and black tenant and sharecropper farmers in perpetual debt, at the bottom of the social, economic, and political ladder. Further, the shift from plantation agriculture to smaller farms further divided former masters from former slaves as slaves moved from the slave quarters to outlying fields. This represents the reconfiguration of Southern agriculture after the Civil War. Sources: AP487, 512

SO states pass laws restricting freedmen to stabilize workforce and keep them down Black Codes Black Codes late 1865 and shortly after the Civil War Who: Newly freed slaves Where: Southern states What: Laws passed by the legislatures of the southern states after the Civil War during Reconstruction in an attempt to regulate the activities of and place restrictions on the former slaves and to stabilize the labor force. The codes sought to restore as nearly as possible the pre-emancipation system of race relations. For example, through labor contracts, if freedmen quit contract jobs they could be arrested for vagrancy. This labor force was overseen by whites who had a desire to maintain a very tight control over the blacks, even though they were technically free. Also, blacks could not or serve on juries or vote. Sig: The Black Code period immediately after the War became a source of great irritation for northern congressmen who wanted to do more for the freedmen (see Radical Reconstruction below). Sources: AP487

1863, 1865 10% of voters in 1860 election can start gov’t; Johnson adds pardons required—name this Presidential reconstruction Presidential Reconstruction: Lincoln (1863) and Johnson (1865) Where: The states in the Confederacy What: Lincoln’s “10 percent” plan was proclaimed in 1863, during the Civil War, when Lincoln wanted to restore seceded states to their rightful place in the Union without being punished for what they did. A rebelling state could be admitted if 10 percent of the state voters in the 1860 election swore an oath of allegiance to the United States. The States would then reestablish a government, and Lincoln would recognize the State as part of the Union. After Lincoln was assassinated in April 1865, President Johnson kept Lincoln’s plan but added some restrictions that reflected his dislike for the planter aristocrats who had been Confederate leaders. Johnson’s plan added disenfranchisement of confederate leaders unless they were personally pardoned by him and new state conventions to repeal ordinances of secession, repudiate confederate war debts, and ratify the 13th amendment. Sig: Lincoln’s plan to readmit the South was simple in nature and allowed for a quick healing of the severed nation. Lincoln wanted to resolve the issue as quickly as possible and thought the “10 percent” plan was the best way. Johnson was not quite as moderate as Lincoln but did not go far enough for the radicals who were taking control of Congress. Source: AP

Cong. Radicals divide SO into 5 military districts; SO states must ratify 14th Amend.—what do we call this? Congressional (radical, military) reconstruction Congressional (radical) reconstruction: Military Reconstruction Who: Congress and the U.S. Military Where: Reconstructed South What: Congress divided the South into five military districts commanded by a U.S. general. Southern states had to adopt constitutions that gave African-Americans the vote and ratify the 14th amendment (citizenship for African-Americans). In effect, Martial Law was placed on the former Confederate states. Tens of thousands of U.S. troops were sent into all seceded states (except Tennessee, admitted earlier before Radical Reconstruction occurred.) Johnson vetoed the acts but Congress overrode his vetoes. The most notable achievement of the Reconstruction state governments came in the area of public education. Sig: The Radical Reconstruction of the South created bitterness on both sides. The North was quick to judge the South and make them pay for their rebellious behavior, whereas the South grew embittered by the North’s refusal to accept re-admittance. U.S. troops remained in the South until the Compromise of 1877. Source: AP492

1865, 1868, 1879 13th=free slaves; 14th=citizenship to Africans; 15th=vote for Africans-but no women Civil War Amendments Civil War Amendments: 13th (1865), 14th (1868), and 15th (1870) What: The Thirteenth Amendment gave freedom to the slaves in America and prohibited any slavery within the United States. The Fourteenth Amendment gave African-Americans citizenship. The Fifteenth Amendment gave African-American males the right to vote. Sig: The Civil War Amendments represent a huge step forward in equal treatment of African-Americans. Source: AP461, and A44-45 (A is the appendix at the end of the book)

1867 Sec. of State Seward gets this land for $7.2 million; Russia off No. Amer. Now—name this purchase Alaska Seward and the purchase of Alaska 1867 What: Johnson did have one victory--in foreign policy. Russia wanted to sell Alaska for various reasons, and Johnson’s Secretary of State William Seward negotiated the treaty whereby the U.S. purchased Alaska for $7.2 million. While assailed by many as “Seward’s Folly,” the Senate approved the treaty on the basis that some other nation might get it instead and there was the long-term possibility of furs, fish, and gold. (Nobody at the time could have anticipated the much later oil and natural gas fields.) Sig: Alaska proved to be a great strategic addition to the U.S. (In a global environment, Alaska is strategically placed on air routes. Further, vast deposits of natural resources were found and exploited—notably oil at present.) Source: AP498

1868 Johnson opposes Congress; House impeaches; one vote short of removal in Senate—name this event Impeachment of President Andrew Johnson Impeachment of Johnson 1868 Who: President Andrew Johnson and the U.S. Congress What: The House of Representatives accused the President of “high crimes and misdemeanors.” The Senate conducted the trial, and Johnson fell one vote short of being removed from office. (The issue involved Johnson’s refusal to go along with the Tenure of Office Act. He believed that the Act was an unconstitutional encroachment on the President’s authority to remove cabinet officers. The Act provided that he needed Senate approval to remove a cabinet officer when the Constitution only said that he needed Senate approval to appoint.) Sig: The first instance of a president ever being impeached in American history. Public interest in politics was intense, and the impeachment process proved to be “the biggest show of 1868.” Source: AP497-98

1877 Hayes promises to pull troops out of South; ends Reconstruction—name this Compromise of 1877 The Compromise of 1877 and the end of Reconstruction Who: Democrats and Republicans, namely presidential candidates Rutherford B. Hayes (R) and Samuel J. Tilden. (D). Where: Congress What: The election of 1876 was so close that it was impossible to choose a President. The electoral returns from Louisiana, South Carolina and Florida were disputed, with both parties claiming victory. Congress created a commission of 15 members and along party lines the commission awarded all disputed electoral votes to Hayes, the Republican. The Democrats agreed to go along if Hayes would pledge to sponsor internal improvements in the South and withdraw the last remaining federal troops from the South. This was the compromise, and Hayes took office. While he reneged on internal improvements, he did withdraw the troops Sig: There was no one to protect African-Americans in the South after the Compromise of The removal of troops from the South led to Jim Crow and many other injustices toward African-Americans. With the Compromise of 1877, African-Americans were no longer on the national agenda and their welfare was left up to the states. Jim Crow was the result (see Jim Crow below). Source: AP511

1870s on This group of people installed Jim Crow/tenant farming/sharecropping/crop liens and took over Southern state governments—what do we call them in general? Southern “redeemers” Redeemers after the Compromise of 1877 Who: White Democrats who took control of the South after the Compromise of 1877 What: The Compromise of 1877 removed the last federal troops from the South, and white Democrats (“redeemers”) ruthlessly took over again. Blacks who attempted to assert their rights were threatened with unemployment, eviction, and physical harm. Sig: The Redeemers gained control of the southern states and administered a society characterized by sharecropping, the crop lien system (borrow money using a future crop as collateral), and Jim Crow, doing great harm to blacks and poor whites. Source: AP512-13

1877 The name we use to indicate the systematic legal separation of whites and blacks to keep blacks “in their place” Jim Crow Jim Crow after the Compromise of 1877 Who: Southern whites taking control of the “rights” of African-Americans by enacting legislation that segregated blacks and whites. What: After the Compromise of 1877 led to the removal of federal troops from the South, southern whites implemented Jim Crow, which severely restricted the actions and rights of African-Americans: examples include segregated schools and segregated public facilities (upheld by Plessy vs. Ferguson in 1896). Sig: Jim Crow legislation set the stage for unfair treatment and segregation of blacks for many decades until 1954, when Jim Crow in education was declared illegal by the Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education. Source: AP512-13

This occurred mainly on the Great Plains—provide the general name Plains Indian Wars Plains Indian Wars What: From 1866 to 1890 (and most notably 1876), the U.S. Army and the Plains Indians fought for control of the Plains (largely in Colorado, Wyoming, and Montana). While the Army sustained various defeats, the superior firepower of the Army overwhelmed the Indians (who were forced to live on reservations). By 1890 the wars were over. Sig: The conquest of the Plains meant the conquest of the Indians and the virtual destruction of their nomadic, Buffalo-hunting way of life. White people, with their barbed wire fences, deep-water wells, farms, cattle, railroads, and towns would displace the Indians for an entirely different kind of life. Source: AP

1868 This treaty guaranteed Sioux lands after Red Cloud beat the U.S. Army—name the treaty Treaty of Fort Laramie But in the 1870s, violations of the treaty led to Plains Indian Wars Treaty of Fort Laramie 1868 Who: US federal government and the Plains Indians Where: Fort Laramie What: After Sioux Chief Red Cloud successfully beat back the army, the U.S. abandoned the Bozeman Trail (from the North Platte to the gold fields in Montana). Under the terms of the Treaty, the sacred ground of the Powder River country would be respected. The “Great Sioux reservation” was promised to the Sioux tribes. Sig: This is one of the few Indian victories; give Red Cloud credit here. The Treaty broke down in 1874 when gold was discovered in the Black Hills. This led to war in Source: AP597

1876 Crazy Horse annihilates U.S. 7th Cavalry under Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer—name the battle Little Big Horn Little Bighorn 1876 Who: Indians and Seventh Cavalry Where: Little Bighorn River, present day Montana What: Colonial Custer’s Seventh Cavalry went to suppress Indians and take them back to the reservation, but the Cavalry were killed by the Indians. Sig: This spectacular U.S. military defeat enflamed Americans and energized the Army to fight the Indians for the last time. This led to a series of battles to return the hostile Indians to the reservation. By the end of 1877, the Plains Indian wars were over (except for Wounded Knee in but that was a battle, not a war). Source: AP598

1877, 1890 Great Sioux leaders at Little Big Horn; both killed by Army (one in ’77, one in ’90)—name them Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse Who: Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull were great Sioux leaders. Sig: They led an Indian allied force and won the Battle of Little Bighorn against the U.S. 7th Cavalry under Colonel Custer. Both were killed later by the U.S. Army (Crazy Horse 1877, Sitting Bull 1890). Source: AP597-98,

At Washita (’68); Little Big Horn (’76); and reconstituted at Wounded Knee (’90)—name the unit U.S. 7th Cavalry U.S. Seventh Cavalry What: The U.S. Seventh Cavalry, almost half immigrants, wanted to suppress the Indians and place them back in the reservation. Several companies of the 7th were killed at the Little Big Horn. (The 7th Cavalry appeared earlier at the Washita River and appears later at Wounded Knee.) Sig: The 7th Cavalry was an important unit in the Plains Indian wars of the ‘60s and ‘70s (and at Wounded Knee in ’90). Source: AP598

1877 Chief runs with people toward Canada; fails; “I will fight no more forever” quote—name the chief Chief Joseph of the Nez Percé Chief Joseph of the Nez Percé 1877 Who: Chief Joseph and the surrender of the Nez Percé Indians Where: Not the Plains but the northwest (WA, OR, ID MT) What: Forced off their land, the Nez Percé fled. They led the army on a great chase across the American Northwest in a running battle that lasted several months. Some victories, such as at the Big Hole in Montana, kept them going on their flight to Canada. Just short of the border, they were finally captured by U.S. forces. Sig: Along with the Trail of Tears (’38-’39), this is one of the saddest stories in U.S.-Native American relations. The Nez Perce were a good and decent people, forced off their land by greedy whites who were protected by the U.S. Army. Chief Joseph, surrendering, uttered the famous: “From where the sun now stands, I shall fight no more forever.” His death certificate reported that he died of a “broken heart.” Source: AP598-99

1890 U.S. 7th Cavalry wipes out Sioux under Bigfoot; ends Plains Indian wars—name the battle Wounded Knee Wounded Knee (December 1890) Who: United States 7th Cavalry and Sioux Indians under Chief Big Foot Where: Wounded Knee Creek in Southwest South Dakota What: After the death of Sitting Bull, a band of Sioux led by Big Foot was being escorted to the reservation by the reconstituted 7th Calvary. The Sioux were ordered disarmed, but a warrior pulled a gun and wounded an officer. The U.S. troops opened fire, and within minutes almost two hundred men, women, and children were shot. The soldiers later claimed that it was difficult to distinguish the Sioux women from the men. The United States 7th Cavalry lost twenty-nine soldiers. Sig.: This battle ended the Indian Wars of the 19th Century Source: AP603

Chronology from Columbus (1492) to the Plains Indian Wars (1890)

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Chronology from Columbus (1492) to the Plains Indian Wars (1890)

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