1. APUSH Unit 5 Chapter 14 THE AMERICAN CIVIL WAR

2. I. SECESSION

3.  South Carolina seceded within 4 days of Lincoln’s election.  Alabama, Mississippi, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas joined within 6 weeks.  4 more states would join after Sumter.  The first 7 would meet in Montgomery, Alabama in February 1861 to establish the Confederate States of America  Jefferson Davis became the president of the Confederacy SECESSION

5.  Tired of being attacked  Underground Railroad, John Brown  Abolitionists and Free Soilers  Felt unrepresented politically when Lincoln got elected  Thought North wouldn’t attack  Especially because the South thought that the North was too dependent on cotton to attack  Felt that they were the second American Revolution WHAT WERE SOUTHERN REASONS FOR SECESSION?

6. Had strong differences: Davis wanted to liberate the South from the North Stevens wanted a guarantee for protection of states’ rights THE LEADERS OF THE CONFEDERACY L: President Jefferson Davis R: VP Alexander Stevens

7. II. LAST MINUTE IDEAS TO PREVENT A WAR

8.  President Buchanan (out of office on March 4, 1861) maintained a “wait and see” policy.  Neither Constitution nor precedent helped him decide what to do and he thought the small army was more needed in the West.  Also, he thought that not going to blows meant the possibility of reconciliation.  It worked out better for the North when the South attacked first, because prior to that many Northerners didn’t want a war BUCHANAN’S PLAN…OR NOT

9.  James Henry Crittenden (KY) came up with a plan: The Crittenden Amendments.  Under these, slavery in the territories would be prohibited north of 36°30’ and allowed south of it. When they became states they could choose.  Would ignore Dred Scott and reset the Missouri Compromise with Popular Sovereignty when they became states  Lincoln turned this down since he had been elected to keep slavery out of the territories and he thought it would force America’s expansionism to take over southern regions to make more territories. THE CRITTENDEN AMENDMENTS (ANOTHER OF THOSE THINGS THAT DIDN’T PASS BUT IS STILL IMPORTANT)

10. HISTORIOGRAPHY OF THE CIVIL WAR (THE HISTORY OF HISTORY)  Nationalist School: late 19 th C James Rhodes: all about slavery and preserving the union  Progressives: early 20 th C Charles and Mary Beard: inherent economic differences – 2 nd American Revolution moved power to the businesses and away from planters  Post WWI: James Randall and Avery Craven unnecessary war (like WWI)  Neo-nationalist: Post WWII Allan Nevins and David Potter: irreconcilable differences in morality, politics, culture, social values, and economy eroded the ties between the sections and set them on the path to war  Paranoia: Foner and Genovese: each side saw their way of life being threatened  Party Politics: Destruction of Whigs and breakdown of Jacksonian party system tore apart the last thing that was holding the country together  Ethnocultural School: Michael Holt, Late 20 th century: Breakdown of parties because before parties had agreed NOT to talk about slavery and had ended up agreeing on most other things. After that slavery was the only issues left

11. III. THE WAR: 1861- 1862

12.  April 12, 1861 4:30am  South fired on Union troops at Ft. Sumter in the Charleston, SC  Union surrendered after 34 hours  Casualty: confederate horse  Kick off battle of the war FT. SUMTER

13. FOUR MORE STATES SECEDE AFTER FT. SUMTER

14.  Union had to get rid of CSA troops at Manassas before moving on to Richmond  Politicians from Washington DC went to watch the battle and picnic…  CSA reinforcements arrived by train and routed the Union army  Confederate Victory BATTLE OF BULL RUN (1ST MANASSAS) JULY, 1861

15. Lincoln replaced McDowell with General George B. McClellan who put in place The Peninsula Campaign 1862 - McClellan’s hesitation prevented him from attacking Richmond early and by the time he attacked he was not able to reach the city though he did defeat the Confederates. Lincoln ordered McClellan back to DC after the Seven Days Battle WAR IN THE EAST: 1861-1862

16. BATTLE OF ANTIETAM SEPTEMBER 17, 1862 Single bloodiest day of the war 23,000 Casualties Lee was able to withdraw (so N technically won), but McClellan has more men and should have pressed for victory

17.  Victors were the ones who kept the field, not always the ones with the fewer casualties  Was difficult to pursue defeated troops because of supply line problems and vast quantities of injured CIVIL WAR STRATEGY

18.  The blockade happened quickly, but the Mississippi Campaign took time THE ANACONDA CAMPAIGN

19.  Surprise Union victory at Shiloh led to control of the upper Mississippi  By abandoning the southern Mississippi to engage at Shiloh, the Confederacy left New Orleans open to attack by Farragut and Butler THE BATTLE OF SHILOH APRIL 6-7, 1862

21. IV. THE HOMEFRONT

22.  The first draft in American history  All able bodied white men from 17-50 were required to serve for 3 years (originally from 18-35)  Exemptions for certain occupations and the 20-Negro Law  You could also hire a substitute, but that ended in 1863  Only 1 in 5 in the Confederate army was actually a draftee CONSCRIPTION IN THE SOUTH – APRIL 1862

23.  Made every able bodied, white male from 20-45 eligible for war  Had a loophole to either pay the government $300 or to hire a substitute  Other exemptions were for high government officials, ministers, and men who were the sole support of widows, orphans, or indigent parents  Bounties were offered for volunteers  This led to many “bounty jumpers”  8% of the Union army were draftees or substitutes THE DRAFT IN THE NORTH – MARCH 1863

24.  Primarily Irish immigrants in protest of the draft.  Lots of violence against African Americans in NYC NEW YORK CITY DRAFT RIOTS

25. NEW YORK CITY DRAFT RIOTS JULY 13-16, 1863

26. War Bonds  Both sides issued bonds, but required them to be paid in specie  The South’s first bond took almost all of the specie  Northerners preferred to keep their specie Printing Paper Money  Union: The Legal Tender Act (1862) authorized the printing of $150 million greenbacks  Confederacy: never made their paper money legal tender  Caused the value of the paper money to plunge because of lack of consumer confidence  South responded by printing more (= more inflation) FINANCING THE WAR

27.  South quickly became a barter economy INFLATION IN THE SOUTH

28. Economic Deals  The North and South continued to trade as early as July 1861  Factories in the North were allowed to trade goods (bacon, salt, blankets) with “loyal” cotton farmers in the South. Legislation Passed by Congress  1861 – Morrill Tariff Act  1862 – Homestead Act  1862 – Legal Tender Act  1862 – Morrill Land Grant Act  1862 – Emancipation Proclamation - Jan 1 1863  1863 – Pacific Railway Act  1863 – National Bank Act LIFE CONTINUES DURING WAR

29.  Lincoln was much more willing to crush dissent during the war than Davis was  Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus in MD so federal troops could arrest and hold pro-secession Marylanders – kept MD in the Union  Led to the case Ex parte Merryman (1861) in which Chief Justice Taney ruled that Lincoln had exceeded his authority by suspending the writ of habeas corpus  Lincoln argued that the writ could be suspended in “cases of rebellion” and it was his job to determine if rebellion was happening. He ignored Taney’s ruling  Ex parte Milligan (1866): civilians can not be tried by military courts when civil courts are open  A man was sentenced to death by a military court for conspiring to free Confederate prisoners DEALING WITH DISSENT

30. V. THE WAR: 1863

31.  "That on the first day of January, in the year of our Lord one thousand eight hundred and sixty-three, all persons held as slaves within any State or designated part of a State, the people whereof shall then be in rebellion against the United States, shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free; and the Executive Government of the United States, including the military and naval authority thereof, will recognize and maintain the freedom of such persons, and will do no act or acts to repress such persons, or any of them, in any efforts they may make for their actual freedom.”  What does it say?  Why was it issued? EXCERPT OF THE EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION IN EFFECT JANUARY 1, 1863

32. Freed slaves in areas under rebellion where Union had no authority (didn’t apply to slave states in the Union or areas the Union had already conquered). Only freed slaves when the army arrived. Kept England from helping the South EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION JANUARY 1, 1863

33. THE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG

34.  Confederate scouts were trying to steal shoes  Turning Point battle – too many losses for the South  Meade did not pursue the retreating CSA THE BATTLE OF GETTYSBURG JULY 1-3, 1863

35.  Grant’s army tried to capture Vicksburg on May 19 and 22, when this didn’t work he besieged the city until they surrendered on July 4 th  This coincided with the Southern loss at Gettysburg the day before and the combination is considered a turning point. After Vicksburg, the Union controlled the Mississippi VICKSBURG MAY 18 – JULY 4, 1863

36. 1.What was the immediate purpose of this speech? Long term? 2.What was the context for this speech? What events had happened prior to Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address that might have had an impact on both Lincoln and the writing of this speech? 3.Analyze the focus of the address for the following audiences and how each audience would have perceived the purpose of this speech:  Jefferson Davis and the South  Irish Immigrants  Enslaved African Americans 4.What was Lincoln’s Point of View? What factors affected this? THE GETTYSBURG ADDRESS NOVEMBER 19, 1863

38. VI. OTHER ITEMS OF INTEREST

39.  By the end of the war, 186,000 African Americans had served in the Union army  This was 1/10 of the Union soldiers  Were only led by white commanders and were paid less than white soldiers  Less likely than whites to be killed in action, but more likely to die of disease  Were not treated as POW’s by the South when captured – instead were enslaved or killed AFRICAN AMERICAN TROOPS IN THE UNION ARMY – FIRST ALLOWED IN 1862

40. THE MASSACRE AT FT. PILLOW TN - APRIL 12, 1864  Nathan Bedford Forrest (Southern General who captured Ft. Pillow) ordered black soldiers killed after they surrendered (many white soldiers were killed as well)  229 out of 262 African American soldiers were killed  He became the first Grand Wizard of the Ku Klux Klan after the war…

41. Jeb Stuart James Longstreet George Pickett “Stonewall” Jackson Nathan Bedford Forrest Robert E. Lee IMPORTANT CONFEDERATE GENERALS

42. Leaders of the Army of the Potomac  McDowell May-July 1861  McClellan July 1861 – Nov 1862  Burnside Nov 1862- Jan 1863  Hooker Jan-June 1863  Meade June 1863 – May 1864  Grant May 1864 – April 1865 Issues with Union Military Leadership  Lincoln wanted Lee…  Most of these guys were not very good or understood the modern nature of war  Grant proved himself in the West and he and Sherman were able to finish the war after Gettysburg MILITARY LEADERS IN THE NORTH

43.  Many weapon attempts were made in the Civil War that, upon later improvement, would be extremely important in the 20 th century:  The Repeating Rifle or Gattling Gun often got stuck during the Civil War but would be improved upon to change warfare in the future  The submarine was still not very successful in this war, but final improvements would make it viable in WWI MILITARY TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS USS Alligator (1862) developed with the help of the French

44.  The rifling musket or rifle was used extensively by both sides in the Civil War  Fired further, faster, and more accurately than a regular musket  Used a slightly pointed lead slug called the Minie ball  Huge advancement in weapon technology + almost no advancement in military tactics = much death THE RIFLE AND MINIE BALL

45. THE BATTLE OF THE IRONCLADS – MARCH 1862  USS Monitor vs. the CSA Virginia (formerly Merrimack)  The CSA ironclads were literally iron sheets bolted to wooden ships  The Union Monitor was made entirely of metal

46.  United States Sanitary Commission and other groups helped to clean up Union hospitals  Dorothea Dix was placed in charge of the Union Nursing Corps (one of her nurses nicknamed her Dragon Dix)  Most hospitals in the South were private and in homes  Still hadn’t figured out germ theory yet…  Much disease and infection, though some basic sanitary measures made this war slightly better MEDICINE IN THE WAR

47.  North and South – women were nurses, worked the fields, and were spies  Women in the North tried to extend the fight for abolition to suffrage – and failed  Clara Barton is famous for being a battlefield nurse in the North and then going on to start the American Red Cross WOMEN IN THE WAR

48. Union POW’s Record Union Survivors of Andersonville PRISONERS OF WAR

49. ANDERSONVILLE PRISON FOR UNION POW’S, ANDERSONVILLE GA Planned to hold over 10,000 men, had 32,000 at one time Provided no shelter for the men, they built tent-like structures out of blankets Exposure, lack of food, and disease led to double the mortality rate of other Confederate camps

50. VII. THE WAR ENDS: 1864-1865

51. 62,000 troops would make the march from Atlanta to the sea, destroying over $100 million in property “We will make war so terrible…that generations would pass before they could appeal again to it” Sherman’s March to the Sea – Georgia 1864

52.  On April 3, 1865, Union troops conquered Richmond, VA, the confederate capital. Southerners had abandoned the city the day before and set it on fire as they left to prevent the Union from seizing it. THE FALL OF RICHMOND

54. THE FINAL VIRGINIA CAMPAIGN 1864- 1865

55. Surrender at Appomattox April 9, 1865

57. VIII. EFFECTS OF THE WAR

58. Confederacy: 260,000 dead Union: 360,000 dead CASUALTIES NORTH AND SOUTH

59. CIVIL WAR CASUALTIES COMPARED TO OTHER AMERICAN WARS

60. FORD’S THEATER APRIL 14, 1865

61. THE ASSASSINATION PLAN  Booth shot Lincoln while another accomplice stabbed Secretary of State Seward, and a third accomplice failed to attack VP Johnson.

63. THE EXECUTION OF CONSPIRATORS

64. LINCOLN’S FUNERAL PROCESSION