1. SPEAKING WEEK 2 PIE DECEMBER ‘12 – JANUARY ’13

2. PUBLIC SPEAKING Human Communication in the Public Domain Public speaking is an activity which incorporates both mental and physical presentations, different from social conversational skills. An effective speaker requires physical coordination, mental concentration, content organization and skills practice, and a great deal of experience.

3. PUBLIC SPEAKING ANXIETY

4. Public Speaking Anxiety Public speaking anxiety is defined as “the reactions of an individual to communicating with a given individual or a group of individuals at a given time” in a specific context

5. Causes of Anxiety Public speaking anxiety may result from several causes, such as perceived lack of public speaking skills, and emotional predispositions towards public speaking

6. Effects of Anxiety ON Public Speaking Performance Anxiety seems to adversely affect public speaking performance, that is, as anxiety decreases, public speaking performance improves. Thus, the main objective in developing public speaking skills is to reduce speech anxiety and improve public speaking performance

7. Methods to Overcome Anxiety Systematic desentisization – a form of behavioral therapy involving the process of desentisizing a person’s feelings and reactions to public speaking Cognitive restructuring – a process that indentifies negative thoughts regarding public speaking, then replaces them with positive ones or formulates new and appropriate beliefs.

8. Methods to Overcome Anxiety Skills training – based on the simple principle that the better one knows how to do something, the less anxious one feels about doing it In skills training, the speechmaking process is divided into specific skills that could be mastered first, in isolation, then together

9. Practical Ways to Overcome Anxiety Don’t delay in preparing Learn as much as you can about audience Pick a comfortable and familiar topic Prepare and rehearse Develop a well structured speech

10. Practical Ways to Overcome Anxiety Be familiar with introduction and conclusion Simulate actual speech conditions Breathe deeply Think and act calm Visualize success Give yourself a mental pep talk

11. 1.Select speech goal/topic 2.Audience analysis 3.Gather and evaluate information 4.Organize and develop ideas into a well- structured outline 5.Choose, prepare and use appropriate presentational aid 6.Practice oral language and delivery style Speech Planning Process

12. 1.Select speech goal or topic

13. Brainstorm and mind map ideas that you know something about which is important to you. Analyze your audience to assess their familiarity and interest in your topic. Consider how the occasion affects what is appropriate for you to talk about. Develop a speech goal statement tailored to your audience and the occasion

14. Potential topics Subjects you know a lot about or which you are most familiar. You can base on your own knowledge (special knowledge or expertise) and experience. Subjects that interest you and that you would like to know more about. This could be a perfect opportunity for you to research a fascinating subject.

15. 3 ways to select a topic 1. Make an inventory of your experiences, beliefs, hobbies 2. Brainstorm people, process, problems etc. 1.Browse through the internet, dictionary, encyclopedia, etc.

16. Criteria for an Appropriate Topic Interesting to you Interesting to your audience (or can be made so) Appropriate to the situation Appropriate to the time available Manageable Worthwhile

17. Choosing a Topic Using the brainstorming method, come up with two topics you might like to deal with for your speech. education, science & technology crime, environment politics, world issue health, entertainment interests, sports

18. 1.Select speech goal/topic 2.Audience analysis 3.Gather and evaluate information 4.Organize and develop ideas into a well- structured outline 5.Choose, prepare and use appropriate presentational aid 6.Practice oral language and delivery style Speech Planning Process

19. 2. Audience analysis

20. Understand audience diversity Understand audience initial interest in and attitude toward your topic. Adjust content to be appropriate for your audience’s current understanding of, interest in, and attitude toward your topic. Determine how you will establish your credibility with your audience.

21. How ? Audience analysis: 1.Demographic – gender/age/race/e thnic groups/marital status/educational backgrounds 2.Situational – “why is this important to me?” How to appeal: 1.Logical - statistics/evidence/tes timony 2.Emotional – anecdotes/stories/quo tes 3.Speaker – competence, poise, enthusiasm, rapport

22. Speech Planning Process 1.Select speech goal/topic 2.Audience analysis 3.Gather and evaluate information 4.Organize and develop ideas into a well- structured outline 5.Choose, prepare and use appropriate presentational aid 6.Practice oral language and delivery style

23. 3. Gather and evaluate information

24. Examine what you already know about your topic and where you need additional information. Locate, evaluate, and select types and sources. Record relevant information on research cards. Cite sources.

25. Gather Your Materials Own experience Own knowledge Interview Research

26. Speech Planning Process 1.Select speech goal/topic 2.Audience analysis 3.Gather and evaluate information 4.Organize and develop ideas into a well- structured outline 5.Choose, prepare and use appropriate presentational aid 6.Practice oral language and delivery style

27. 4. Organize and develop ideas into a well- structured outline

28. Identify two to four major ideas you want your audience to remember. Combine your speech goal with these major ideas to form a thesis statement with main point review. Develop your main points. Develop and outline the speech body. Create an introduction. Compile a list of sources Review and revise the outline as needed.

29. Central Idea/Thesis Statement A one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech. Example: Topic: Witchcraft Practised in the Malay Society General purpose: To inform Specific purpose: To inform my audience the three major kinds of witchcraft practised today in the Malay society. Central idea: The three major kinds of witchcraft practised today in the Malay society are black magic (n), sorcery (n) and satanism (n).

30. Why Speech Organization is Important It allows you and the listeners to see what ideas you have and to put mental “hands” on the most important ones. Listeners who hear a well-organized speech believe a speaker to be much more competent and trustworthy. Listeners demand coherence. A speaker must make sure listeners can follow the progression of ideas in a speech from beginning to end. Using a clear and specific method of speech organization can boost your confidence as a speaker and improve your ability to deliver a message fluently.

31. Organizational Outline

32. The Introduction of Your Speech 1.Capture the attention of your audience. 2.Authenticate the value ‘What’s in it for me?”. 3.Prove your credibility. 4.Reveal the topic of your speech. 5.Preview the body of the speech.

33. How to Get the Attention & Interest of Your Audience Relate the topic to your audience, why they should be interested (what’s in it for them), why you are talking about it (experience/qualifications/credibility) Startle the audience with an arresting or intriguing statement. Refer to a shocking statistic. Question the audience. Begin with a quotation. Tell a story. Ask audience to imagine themselves in a situation.

34. 3 Elements in the Speech Body 1.Main points Select them carefully. Phrase them precisely. Organize them strategically. a)Chronological order b)Spatial order c)Causal order d)Topical order e)Problem solving order 2. Supporting points - backup ideas for the main points, directly support and are relevant to the main points. 3. Connectives/Signposts

35. The Conclusion 1.Signal the end of the speech by using cues like: Ending words Voice characteristics – tone, pace, rhythm 2.Reinforce the central idea by: Restating the main points. Emphasize what you want your audience to do or think. Use a quotation or dramatic statement, if appropriate. Refer to the introduction. “ A speech is like a love affair, any fool can start one but to end it requires considerable skill.”

36. Speech Planning Process 1.Select speech goal/topic 2.Audience analysis 3.Gather and evaluate information 4.Organize and develop ideas into a well- structured outline 5.Choose, prepare and use appropriate presentational aid 6.Practice oral language and delivery style

37. 5. Choose, prepare and use appropriate presentational aid

38. Presentational Aids Increase audience interest Help listeners retain information Help you present ideas without depending on notes Help those not familiar with your language or accent, turn the incomprehensible into something understandable

39. Types of Presentational Aids Visual aids (actual objects/models, photographs, drawings, diagrams, maps, charts, and graphs) Audio aids(recorded excerpts from speeches, radio programs, interviews, and recordings of music/ environmental sounds) Audiovisual aids (short clips from films and videos) Multimedia

40. Speech Planning Process 1.Select speech goal/topic 2.Audience analysis 3.Gather and evaluate information 4.Organize and develop ideas into a well- structured outline 5.Choose, prepare and use appropriate presentational aid 6.Practice oral language and delivery style

41. Speech content is conveyed through language Delivery style is conveyed through non-verbal behavior

42. Practice until the wording is accurate, clear, vivid and appropriate. Practice until the delivery is intelligible, conversational, and expressive. Practice integrating presentational aids until you can do so confidently and smoothly. Continue practicing until you can deliver it extemporaneously within the time limit.

43. Non-verbal Communication Includes all speech elements other than words: Voice – pitch, volume, rate, quality, articulation, pronunciation, pauses Body language – facial expressions, eye contact, gestures, posture, appearance