2. SOL WHI.6

4. #1. Based on location alone, how would Rome’s location be beneficial?

5.  Located on the Italian Peninsula (vocab). ◦ Created a crossroads for trade, cultural exchange, and conquest in the Mediterranean basin.  The Alps provided Italy with protection, as did the seas surrounding the Italian Peninsula.

7.  Two major mountain ranges, the Alps and the Apennines.  Some of Italy’s mountains were volcanic. Their eruptions could devastate Roman towns. (Foreshadowing)  Rome lies on the Tiber River.  Rome had a mild climate that led to a plentiful food supply and the city’s early growth.

9. Mystery – their origins are lost to prehistory Lived north of Rome – Region today called “Tuscany” after them (ancient Etruria) – Enemies of the Romans Taught the Romans: – Arch in architecture – drainage and sewer-building – phalanx military formation – Alphabet which was taught to the Etruscans by the Greeks.

10. #2 Why are myths and legends created?

11.  Religion was polytheistic. ◦ Religion was part of Rome’s culture, politics, and art.  Roman gods and goddesses were based on Greek mythology

12.  Roman godsGreek NameRole  JupiterZeusKing of gods  JunoHeraQueen of gods  NeptunePoseidonGod of Seas  MarsAresGod of War  VenusAphroditeGod of Love  MercuryHermesMessenger  ManervaAthenaGod of Wisdom  PlutoHadesGod of the Underworld  ApolloApolloMusic

17.  Romans also deified some emperors during the Age of Empires. ◦ Deified – gave “godlike” status to emperors. #3. Why do you think people believed some of their leaders were gods?

18.  The Roman Republic contained 3 social classes: ◦ Patricians – wealthy (few in number). ◦ Plebeians – majority of population consisting of landowners, townspeople, merchants, and farmers. ◦ Slaves – people forced into servant class by conquest

19.  Citizenship – was held by all patricians and plebeians ◦ And selected foreigners  Citizens had rights not extended to slaves and non-Romans. ◦ All citizens should:  vote  pay taxes  serve in the military.

21.  Consuls – at the top of government. ◦ 2 people elected by the Assembly each year. ◦ Served one year terms. ◦ Could veto (reject) decisions by the Assembly. ◦ Ran the government. #4. What would the U.S. equivalent (the same/equal) be of a Roman consul?

22.  How many people serve as president of the U.S. at one time?  How long is a president’s term?  How many terms can a president serve?

23.  Rome was a representative democracy known as a Republic.  Two bodies made up the representative branch of government – The Assembly and Senate.

24.  Senate – patricians that controlled the finances and foreign affairs of Rome. Advised the consuls. (#5)  Assembly – made laws for Rome ◦ Tribunes – part of the assembly that was made up of plebeians. ◦ Could veto (reject) actions of the Senate and Consuls. (#6)

26.  The Republic became more democratic as plebeians gained rights and power. (#7)  The Twelve Tables – First written set of Roman laws (451 BCE). ◦ Defined laws and gave plebeians more rights. ◦ Established that all citizens had the right to legal protection.

28. Roman Republic Government

29.  Rome fought Carthage in 3 wars that lasted over 100 years, to determine who would dominate the Mediterranean world Intro Video

30.  #2 Who controlled most of Sicily by 264 BC?

31. 2 nd Punic War (Punic war video)  Hannibal, Carthaginian general, commanded a mixed army of North Africans and Europeans against Rome.  218 BCE – led troops with elephants across Pyrenees Mountains of Spain, through France, and over the Alps of Italy into northern Italy ◦ Trek took 15 years – arrived with most of his men and most of the elephants. ◦ Roman army had expected a southern invasion. (#3) Hannibal Song Video

32.  Hannibal got to Rome but never defeated the city of Rome. (#4)  Rome counter-attacked the city of Carthage. ◦ Hannibal left Italy to defend Carthage and was defeated outside of Carthage.  Carthage gave up all land except in Africa. ◦ Rome now ruled most of the Mediterranean.  Hannibal was later tracked down and committed suicide.

34. 3 rd Punic War  Rome was still angry from the 2 nd Punic War and Carthage was mounting forces for an attack of Rome.  Rome attacked Carthage first and completely destroyed the city.

35.  Romans destroyed its major political and economic competitor.  Able to expand trade and wealth  Roman culture would now follow conquest.  Now Rome dominated the Mediterranean.  Romans would remain unchallenged and go on to conquer Western Europe.

37.  Large landowners began to use more slaves. ◦ Caused small farmers to lose their lands and move to cities.  As cities grew, these people were unable to find work.  The Middle Class (plebeians) demanded more rights.  Rome entered into a time of civil war for 100 years. (#5) ◦ Slave and plebeians uprising.

38. 2 Wealth and Slaves flood into Rome 3 Senators buy up vast properties 4 Smallholders move to Rome to try and find work 5 The unemployed mob cause increased corruption & military commanders become too influential as the army becomes dependent on the spoils of war 1 The empire expands

39.  Julius Caesar began as a leader of the Roman Army. ◦ Popular for his military conquest.  60 BCE Caesar joined with Pompey (military hero) and Crassus (the richest man in Rome) to form the First Triumvirate.

43.  Together they ruled Rome, but jealousies soon turned them against each other.  Caesar turned his army towards Rome and crushed Pompey and the Senate. ◦ “Veni, Vidi, Vici” – I came, I saw, I conquered.  Caesar then made himself dictator for life.

44.  Maintained the Senate but Caesar had the real power. ◦ Packed the Senate with his followers.  Public works of Rome (roads, aqueducts, buildings) to employ the poor.  Public land to the poor.  Extended citizenship to conquered people.  Julian Calendar – based on Egyptian calendar and used for 1600 years.

45.  Senate grew more fearful of Caesar’s power.  March 15, 44 BCE – “Beware of the Ides of March!”  Caesar was murdered by members of the Senate.  Rome broke out into a new civil war. Julius Caesar Video

46.  Spread of slavery.  Migration of unemployed farmers to cities  Assassination of Julius Caesar  Civil wars as Caesar gained power and after his assassination. kk ee  Devaluation of Roman Currency - Inflation

47.  After Caesar died ◦ His 18 year old grandnephew Octavian joined forces with Marc Antony (Caesar’s general) and Marcus Lepidus  Second triumvirate defeated Caesar’s assassins in 42BCE #1 Octavian Antony Lepidus

48.  Octavian forced Lepidus to retire from political life  Octavian declared war on Marc Antony when he married Cleopatra ◦ Antony and Cleopatra committed suicide in Egypt to avoid capture  Octavian became undisputed ruler of Rome

51.  Octavian believed Rome needed one strong leader ◦ Senate agreed and appointed Octavian consul, tribune, and commander in chief for life - 27BCE  Octavian gave himself the title of Augustus-Majestic One

52.  Rome became an Empire and Augustus was the Emperor. Augustus Caesar

53.  Imperial = empire = large area under single rule  Failure to have change of power from one emperor to the next.  Civil war giving rise to Octavian (Augustus)

55.  http://videopediaworld.com/video/17886/Ancient -Civilizations-Rise-of-the-Roman-Empire http://videopediaworld.com/video/17886/Ancient -Civilizations-Rise-of-the-Roman-Empire