1. Chapter 1: How Geographers Look at the World

2. Essential Question
How does geography help us interpret the past, understand the present, and plan for the future?

3. Lesson 1 Objectives
1. Describe globes, maps, and the importance of scale.
2. Analyze various map projections and how they are created and used.
3. Explain how to determine absolute and relative location.
4. Analyze geospatial technologies and how geographers collect data.

4. Lesson 1 Vocabulary Great circle route Map projections
planar projection
Cylindrical projection
Conic projection
Absolute location
Relative location
Elevation
Relief
Thematic map
Global positioning system (GPS)
Geographic information systems (GIS)
Remote sensing

5. Globes and Map Projections
Globe – scale model of Earth
Shows area, distance, & direction
Accurate
Map – flat representation of all or part of Earth
Cannot show everything accurately
Cartographers – map makers

6. Great Circle Route
The measured distance between any two points on a flat map will not have the same distance when measured on a round globe.
Great circle route – an imaginary line that follows the curve of the Earth & represents the shortest distance between two points.

7. Map Projection
A mathematical formula used to represent the curved surface of the Earth on the flat surface of the map.
Show more detailed features
Distort size, shape, distance, area, and/or direction
Must choose projection based on purpose of map

8. Planar Projection aka Azimuthal Projection
A map created by projecting an image of the Earth onto a geometric plane
Most accurately represented from its center
Often used for maps of the poles

9. Cylindrical Projection
Mercator Projection
Shows true direction
Useful for sea navigation
A map created by projecting Earth’s image onto a cylinder
Most accurate at the Equator
Shapes and distances increasingly distorted when moving toward poles

10. Conic Projection
Map created by projecting an image of Earth onto a cone placed over part of an Earth model
Shape is accurate
Straight lines drawn on this map approximate great circle routes

11. Winkel Tripel Projection
General reference for world maps
Distorts distances, sizes, and shapes of specific global features
Provides
good balance
between overall
size and shape
of land areas
shown

12. Robinson Projection East-West projections run in a straight line
Distortions in polar regions that appear flattened
Sizes and shapes near east and west edges are accurate
Outlines of continents appear as they do on a 3-dimensional globe

13. Winkel vs. Robinson

14. Goode’s Interrupted Equal-Area
Resembles a globe that has been cut apart and laid flat
Like slicing an orange peel and laying it flat on a page
Shows true shape and size of Earth’s landmasses
Distances distorted

15. Goode’s Interrupted Equal-Area

16. Explaining
Why is a trip from Tokyo to Los Angeles a longer distance than it appears to be on a map?

17. Determining Location
Lines of latitude and longitude create a grid system on Earth's surface that is used to determine location.

18. Determining Location
The Equator divides Earth in half, creating the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.

19. Determining Location
The Prime Meridian splits the globe into the Eastern and Western Hemispheres

20. Hemispheres

21. Important Lines of Lat. And Long.

22. Determining Location
The absolute location of a place is the point at which its latitude and longitude lines intersect.

23. Using Maps Components: Title, Legend Color-coding Scale
Directional Indicators (Compass Rose)

24. Scale
represents the consistent, proportional relationship between the measurements shown on a map and on Earth’s surface

25. Physical Maps
Highlight relief through shading and texture

26. Political Maps
Provide the boundaries and locations of political units such as countries, states, counties, cities, and towns

27. Thematic Maps Emphasize a particular theme or subject
Climate, natural vegetation, population density, economic activities

28. Mental Maps
describe an individual’s perception of features of Earth’s surface

29. On your own sheet of paper:
Mental Maps
On your own sheet of paper:
Draw a mental map of O’Connor High School.
Include each building and feature that you can remember.

30. Geospatial Technologies
include global positioning systems (GPS), geographic information systems (GIS), and remote sensing from satellites and aircraft.

31. GPS
uses networks of satellites and receivers to provide the absolute location of something on Earth.

32. GIS
software programs used to process and organize data that links a location to its characteristics

33. Remote Sensing
any technique used to measure, observe, or monitor something without touching it

34. Lesson 2 Objectives 1. Describe the spatial perspective.
2. Identify the six elements of geography and how geography is related to other disciplines.
3. Explain geographic methods for gathering information.
4. Analyze how geography is related to other disciplines.

35. Lesson 2 Essential Question: Content Vocab: Academic Vocab:
How does geography help us interpret the past, understand the present, and plan for the future?
Content Vocab:
Spatial perspective, site, situation, formal region, functional region, perceptual region
Academic Vocab:
Primary, obtain, fluctuation

36. A Geographic Perspective
Geographers study the locations and relationships of Earth's physical and living features.

37. Spatial Perspective
focuses on how individual places, objects, and people are related to one another across Earth's surface.

38. Spatial Perspective Used to examine:
why things are located where they are
what makes regions distinct based on changes & movement of people over time
Changes in physical environment
Local perspective – where to buy a new home
Global perspective – economic activities of countries in the form of trade

39. Ecological Perspective
Thinking about the connections and interactions that operate among ecosystems and human societies.

40. Perspective of Experience
Considers how people make meaning of the world in which we live through experiences and memories
Gives places unique characteristics

41. Conceptual Lens: Education
Based on your experiences in school thus far, what is your perspective on education?

42. Why is Geography Important to You?
Teaching – elementary through college
Meteorologist – atmosphere & weather patterns
Emergency management officials (gov.) – natural hazards; earthquakes/hurricanes
Ecologists – living organisms & their environ.
Soil Scientists – farming; economics
Environmental managers – manage quality of air, water, & wildlife

43. Why is Geography Important to You?
Human Geo:
Health care
Transportation
Population studies
Economic development
Public policy
International economies/trade
Housing and community development

44. 5 Basic Skills Key to Geographic Understanding
Asking
Acquiring
Organizing
Analyzing
Answering Geographic
Questions
Provides info. That can be
used to better understand
your surroundings
Recognize patterns &
relationships in real-life situations

46. Progress Check
List at least 3 fields outside of geography that use geography skills. Try not to look at your notes.

47. 6 Elements of Geography The World in Spatial Terms Places and Regions
Physical Systems
Human Systems
Environment and Society
Uses of Geography
**Geographers study the interactions between peoples, places, and environments to explain why and how patterns of interactions occur.

48. 1. The World in Spatial Terms
Spatial relationships link people and places based on their locations and relationships to each other
Absolute location – coordinates
Relative location – location in relation to another place
Mental Maps – Help you orient yourself in a space and develop an awareness of the world

49. On your own sheet of paper:
Mental Maps
On your own sheet of paper:
Draw a mental map of O’Connor High School.
Compare this mental map to the one you drew previously this week, and see if your awareness has improved.

50. 1. The World in Spatial Terms
Site – the specific location of a place including its physical setting
Ex: The site of O’Connor is located at the corner of Bandera and Leslie Road in Helotes
Situation – general location; the geographic position of a place in relation to other places or features of a larger region
Ex: O’Connor is a high school in Helotes across the street from Wal-Mart and Taco Bell

51. 2. Places and Regions Place – physical & human significance
Each place has unique features
Region – group of places with similar characteristics
Physical Traits:
climate,
landforms, river
systems, soils,
vegetation, animal
life, & natural resources
Human Significance:
Language, religion, political
units, trade networks, & pop. distribution

52. Three Types of Regions
Formal – features a unifying characteristic, such as a product produced in that region
Ex: Corn Belt (Ohio to Nebraska)
Functional – a central node and a surrounding area that is connected to the node by some defined function
Ex: NISD – Central Office and surrounding schools; Cell tower & surrounding cell phone users
Perceptual – defined by commonly accepted traditions or feelings rather than objective data
Ex: “Heartland” of the US – center of US where traditional values of family & hospitality predominate

53. 3. Physical Systems
Physical geo – climate, land, water, plants, & animal life
Ecosystems
A community of plants & animals that depend upon one another and their surroundings for survival

54. 4. Human Systems
Human geo – analyzes human activities & their relationship to cultural & physical environ.
Political, economic, & cultural geography
Human Migration & Settlement
Transformation of societies, traditions, & landscape
How people compete or cooperate to change/control aspects of Earth to meet their needs

55. 5. Environment and Society
Human-Environment Interaction
How people:
Use their surroundings
Change it voluntarily / involuntarily
Construction, pollution, human pop. growth, conservation of parks, reintroduction of species

56. 5. Environment & Society How the environment: Natural Disasters
Creates physical barriers
Natural Disasters
Hurricane, earthquakes, monsoons, droughts
Force human adaptation

57. 6. Uses of Geography Planning & policy making Urban planners
Use data on phys. processes & human movement to determine the best sites for houses, schools, public services, & businesses
Goal: sustain & support the natural environ. & human development
What types of jobs would urban planners hold?

58. Progress Check: Quickwrite
Quietly and by yourself:
Describe each of the three types of regions in 3-5 sentences.
Share with the person to your left.

59. Research Methods Partner with the student behind you.
With your partner decide who will be the landscaper and who will be the drawer.
Landscaper: Do not show the image I give you to your partner. Describe it to them in grave detail.
Drawer: Draw the image as you hear it described.

60. Research Methods Direct Observation & Measurement
Analysis of patterns of human activity that take place on Earth’s surface
Visit the place
Remote sensing – use satellite images & aerial photos to locate specific info. without a visit
Mineral deposits, freshwater sources, urban sprawl

61. Research Methods Mapping
Complex info. is collected & shown more easily
Features: patterns; relationships of people, places, & things
Useful for making comparisons
Ex:
NISD: population density & transportation network maps compared to show where to build new schools

62. Research Methods Interviewing Important to cultural geography
Examine ways in which people’s beliefs & attitudes have affected the physical environ.
Select a group to study
Carefully selected sample of people whose answers represent the larger group

63. Interviewing
Brainstorm 5 or 6 questions that geographers might ask to gain more knowledge about the statistics of students w/in the classroom.
Write them down on a sheet of paper.
Interview the person to your right, and we will collect the data for our class.

64. Research Methods Statistics
Numerical data compiled for research using computers
Ex: temperature & snowfall data predict climate trends
Ex: age, ethnicity, & gender of a region can emphasize trends w/in a human pop.

65. Statistical Data
Look over the data we gathered via the interviews conducted in our class. Create a chart or diagram using the class results.
Look for patterns and trends. Why is it that we can have similarities and differences even within a classroom located in the same city?

66. Progress Check
Get out a sheet of notebook paper, and draw a circle in the middle. We are going to create a mind map. Write this question in the circle:
What do geographers do?

67. Geography & Other Subjects

68. Historical Perspectives
Provide insight as to which institutions or development should be constructed to avoid repeating past complications between human growth & the physical environ.
Sources of historical data:
Census data, economic output, birth & death rates, natural disasters, disease, & fluctuations in pop.

69. Political Patterns Changing boundary lines & gov. systems
How does the natural environ. Influence political decisions?
How do govs. Change the natural environment?
Ex: Egypt – Aswan High Dam (Nile River
Helped irrigate the land, but altered the river valley & affected the people.

70. Sociology & Anthropology
Study human tendencies & past cultures and their influence on current traditions & social norms
Diverse cultural backgrounds = differing interpretation & experience based on your frame of reference
The way people are rooted in certain places & have developed various types of regions

71. Economics
How do the locations of resources affect the ways people make, transport, & use goods?
How do they affect where services are provided?
Factors:
Location of natural resources, fertile soil for farming, suitable climates for living & producing, proximity to transport routes & other cultures

72. Trade
Interdependence b/w global economies = relationships & communication b/w various cultures
Technology has increased the speed & efficiency of the movement of information & goods

73. Progress Check Think-Pair-Share
What factors might a geographer study to learn about the economy of a particular country?
How is interdependence important to economic activity?
How is geography related to other subjects?