1. In The name of Allah the Beneficent the Merciful

2. Phonetics /fəˈnetɪks/ is a science which concerned with the study of the sound systems of human language, so in phonetics we are dealing with the sounds not the letters. It’s a rule that show the difference between spelling and sound It helps us to pronounce the word correctly, We always write sounds between slashes like: / / they are called phonemes like /p/and we use these symbols for transcription

3. Introduction for English sounds How many sounds in English? The number of letters in English language is 26 letters, but the number of sounds in English language is 44 sounds The 44 sounds classified into 3 groups,what are they? They are 1- vowels 2- diphthongs 3- consonants

4. Vowels 12 sounds Diphthongs 8 sounds Consonants 24sounds _____ 12 + 8 + 24 = 44 sounds

5. Consonants: * Consonant classification : Voicing Manner of articulation Place of articulation VoicelessVoiced 1- plosives 2- Nasal 3- Fricatives 4- affricate 5- Approximants 6- Lateral 1- bilabial 2- labio-dental 3- dental 4- alveolar 5- palate-alveolar 6- velar 7- palatal 8- glottal

6. Which are the characteristics of Consonant sounds? Manner of Articulation How the sound is produced and the way the airstream passes through the vocal tract. Manner of Articulation How the sound is produced and the way the airstream passes through the vocal tract. Place of articulation It refers to which speech organs are involved in the production of sounds. Place of articulation It refers to which speech organs are involved in the production of sounds. Voicing Presence or absence of voicing makes a consonant sound voiced or voiceless Voicing Presence or absence of voicing makes a consonant sound voiced or voiceless

7. Voicing p, t, k, f, s, h, θ, ʒ, tʃ Voiceless or voiced You can feel it if you touch your throat with your hand: Voiceless: *When you make a voiceless sound.your throat doesn’t vibrate. Voiced: *When you make a voiced sound.your throat vibrates.

8. Manner of articulation Plosives – stops P, t,k B,d,g Fricatives f, v, ð, θ, ʃ, ʒ,s,z, h Affricate tʃ, dʒ Lateral ʟ Nasal m,n, ŋ Semi-vowel r,w,j

9. Point or place of articulation 1- Bilabial /b/ : Bad /bæd/ /P/ : Top /top/ /m/ : sum /sʌ m/ We /wi:/ /w/ : 2- Labio dental /f/ : Phone / f əʊ n / /v/ : Love / l ʌ v / 3- Dental /ð/ : father /ˈfɑːðə/ /θ/ : three / θ r i: /

10. 4- Alveolar /s/ : scream /s k r i: m/ /z/ : is /i z / /r/ : Run /rʌn/ /n/ : name /n ei m/ /t/ : top /top/ /d/ : read /r i: d/ /L/ : larg /l a: r g / 5- Alveo-palatal /ʃ/ : she / ʃ i/ /ʒ/ : gym / ʒ e m/ /tʃ/ : chart /tʃɑːt/ /dʒ/ : age /ei dʒ /

11. 6- Velar /k/ : clean /k l i: n / /g/ : dog /d o g / /ŋ/ : think / θ i ŋ k/ 7- Glottal /h/ : heal /h i: l/ 8- palatal /j/ : Yes/ jes/ - Your/ju:/ -Yield/jild/

12. vowels Front vowels Central vowels Back vowels * vowels

13. 7 Front vowels /i:/ /i//e//æ/ 1- /i:/ Examples FinallymiddleInitially /b i:/ : be People : /p i: p l/ / i: t /: eat /s i:/ : see feel: /f i:l/Each :/i: tʃ/ This is found in the word tea. The lips are spread and the sound is long We can find it in many letters (ee,e,ea,ie,ei)

14. /i/ 2- 3- /e/ Short /i/sound.This is found in the word hip. The lips are slightly spread and the sound is short FinallymiddleInitially city /s i t i/Pit : /p i t/is : /i z/ every /e v r i/Lit : /l i t/In : /i n/ FinallymiddleInitially Men:/m e n/Extra : /e k s t r ə/ head:/h e d/Any : /e n i/ As In the word /bet/, is a short vowel and you need to lower your jaw slightly to make this sound

15. 4- /æ/ FinallymiddleInitially Man : mænAm : æm Pan: pænAt : æt Cat : Kætæn An: Examples As in /bat/, is a short vowel and you need to lower your jaw even more.

16. Central vowels ʌ ə ə: 1- / ʌ / FinallymiddleInitially Cup /k ʌ p /Up : /ʌ p/ Come : /k ʌ m/ Under /ʌ n d ə/ Fuss / f ʌ s / Ultra ʌ/ l t r ə/ It is a short vowel.

17. 3- /ə:/ FinallymiddleInitially Particular: /pəˈtɪkjʊlə/ Forget : \fəˈɡɛt\\About : \əˈbaʊt Father ; /ˈfɑːðə/ Police : \pəˈliːs\Above : \əˈbʌv\ FinallymiddleInitially Fir : /f ə: / Bird: /b ə: r/ Early : / ə: l i: / Sir : /s i ə:/ turn: /t ə: n/ Earn : / ə: n / 2- / ə / It is a short vowel, In English, schwa is the most common vowel sound. It is a reduced vowel in many unstressed syllables, especially if syllabic consonants are not used. It is a long vowel.

18. Back vowels /a://ↄ://ↄ://u//U://o/ 1- /a:/ /ↄ : / 2- FinallymiddleInitially Far\f a:\Fast\f a: s t\Ask \a: s k\ Car\k a:\Laugh\l a: f\Are \a:\ FinallymiddleInitially floor/f l ↄ:/Lord/l ↄ: d/All /ↄ: l / More /m ↄ:/ball /b ↄ: l/Orphan /ↄ: f n/ Long vowel \a:\ law back vowel, fully open and long. To make this sound you have to drop your jaw and make your lips far from each other Long vowel \ↄ:\ is a back long vowel. It is a long half open vowel.

19. 3- /o/ Is a short vowel, you need to lower your jaw more and keeps your lips more open. FinallyMediallyInitially pot /p o t/on/o n/ top /t o p/odd /o d/ 4- /u/ Is a short vowel, you don’t need to round your lips too much. FinallyMediallyInitially good /g u d/ Could /k u d/

20. 5- /u:/ Is a long vowel, you need to round your lips tightly. FinallyMediallyInitially do/d u:/food /f u: d/ Who/h u:/tool/ t u:l /

21. Diphthongs : A diphthong is a combination of two vowel sounds. It is a tongue movement from one vocalic position to another. * /ei/ /ai/ /ɔi/ /iə/ /uə/ /eə/ /əu/ / au /

22. 1- /ei/ FinallymiddleInitially day: /d ei/face:/f ei s/A :/ei/ say: /s ei/make :/m ei k/eight :/ei t/ 2- /iə/ FinallymiddleInitially Hear : /h iə/Zero : /z iə r əu / ear : /iə/ clear: /k l iə/

23. 4- /ɔi/ 3- /ai/ FinallymiddleInitially My :/m ai/Mind :/m ai n d/I :/ai/ High :/h ai/Find :/f ai n d/Eye :/ai/ FinallymiddleInitially Boy :/b ɔi/Noise:/n ɔi z/ Enjoy:/in dʒ ɔi/Voice :/v ɔi s /

24. 5- /əu/ 6- /uə/ FinallymiddleInitially Doer : /d uə/Poor : /p uə/ Sure :/ʃ uə/Tourist : /t uə rist/ FinallymiddleInitially Know/nəu/home/həum/O :/əu/ no/nəu/boat/bəut/Ocean : /əu ʃ ə n / as in the alphabetical letter(o)

25. 7- /eə/ 8- / au / FinallymiddleInitially Where : /w eə/Air : /eə/ Player : /p l eə/ FinallymiddleInitially Now /n aʊ/Down /d aʊ n/ How :/h au/House /h aʊ s/