1. © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. English Brushup, 3E John Langan Extending the Skills: Punctuation Chapters 28-30

2. English Brushup, 3E © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Extending the Skills: Punctuation Special Uses of the Apostrophe apostrophes Use an apostrophe and an s to form the plurals of each of the following: 1. Letters. (Jedd always got A’s in Spanish.) 2. Numbers. (My address has many 8’s in it.) 3. Words used as words. (The chorus of that song has a lot of baby’s in it.)

3. English Brushup, 3E © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Extending the Skills: Punctuation Do Not Use The Apostrophe Possessive pronouns and possessive adjectives do not use apostrophes. –We can recognize an Appaloosa by its distinct spots. –The spurs are ours.

4. English Brushup, 3E © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Extending the Skills: Punctuation Special Uses of Quotation Marks ÀTo set off from the rest of a sentence. ÀTo set off special words or phrases from the rest of a sentence. Rob’s “nutritious lunch” consisted of a candy bar and a bag of corn chips. ÁTo. For this purpose, use single quotes. ÁTo mark a quote within a quote. For this purpose, use single quotes. Jamie said, “My favorite short story is ‘Twirling’ by Carolyn Murphy.”

5. English Brushup, 3E © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Extending the Skills: Punctuation Quotation Marks and Other Punctuation Periods and commas at the end of a quotation always go INSIDE the quotation marks. Semicolons and colons at the end of a quotation always go OUTSIDE the quotation marks. Question marks and exclamation points go OUTSIDE the quotation marks only if they apply to the entire sentence. Otherwise, they go INSIDE. Ex.: Frank wondered, “Where is the ship taking us?” Ex: What will happen when I say, “Shazam”?

6. English Brushup, 3E © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Extending the Skills: Punctuation SEMICOLON (;) semicolonUse the semicolon to join items in a series when the items contain commas. I packed up all my birthday presents: the model airplane, which my brother gave me; the new mystery novel, which was from my Aunt Rose; and the stereo system, which my parents gave me.

7. English Brushup, 3E © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Extending the Skills: Punctuation HYPHEN (-) 1. Put a hyphen between two parts of a fraction. The stereo is now one-half off. 2. Hyphenate compound numbers between twenty-one and ninety-nine. It will cost seventy-one dollars to repair the glass. 3. Use a hyphen after the prefixes all-, ex-, and self-. There’s your ex-girlfriend. She’s so self-centered. There’s your ex-girlfriend. She’s so self-centered.

8. English Brushup, 3E © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Extending the Skills: Punctuation DASH (--) dashUse the dash to signal the end of a list. Two exams, an essay, an oral quiz, and a presentation--and that’s just what I have to do before finals start.

9. English Brushup, 3E © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Extending the Skills: Punctuation PARENTHESIS ( ) Use parentheses to set off extra or incidental information from the rest of a sentence. In modern malls the food court (once a simple soda fountain) has become a meeting place for friends. êNOTE: êNOTE: Sometimes parentheses enclose letters or numbers that signal items in a series. êSPECIAL NOTE: êSPECIAL NOTE: DO NOT USE PARENTHESES TOO OFTEN. They can make you sound uncertain or hesitant.

10. English Brushup, 3E © 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Extending the Skills: Punctuation UNDERLINE UnderlineUnderline the titles of long works: –books (The Sun Also Rises) –magazines (Newsweek) –newspapers (USA Today) –movies (Titanic) –plays (Death of a Salesman) –television series (The Simpsons) –record albums (Nevermind) NOTE: Printed material can use italics instead of underlining.