1. Africa Ancient times to the Present

2. Geography Diverse geography: hindered economic development Savanna: grassy plains –Rain and fertile soil to support farming Deserts Rainforests Few good harbors: Natural resources are undeveloped Rivers many falls and rapids

3. Traditional Culture Village Gov’t: council of elders Family Patterns: extended Religious Beliefs –Animism spirits of nature –Islam in Northern Africa

4. Ancient Kingdoms Trading Kingdoms West –Ghana, Mali, and Songhai East: Axum Developed complex societies

5. Ancient Kingdoms

6. Mali Large army Gold Salt trade Mansa Musa traveled to Mecca Timbuktu: center of Islamic Learning Advance culture

7. Benin In rain forests Known for its masks made of bronze and brass East African City States –Swahili: Bantu and Arabic language –Bantu migration: search for food; towards south along rivers

8. Contributions African Art –Bronze, wood, ivory –Religious –Influenced 20 th century art and painting Literary traditions – Oral and written

9. Slave Trade Causes of Slave Trade Labor shortage: death of millions of Native Americans Triangle trade Middle Passage Effects –Political instability –Loss of talented, strong, intelligent people

10. The New Imperialism Causes: 1. Need for raw materials and new markets 2.Social Darwinism 3.White Man’s Burden

11. Scramble for Africa Leopold Of Belgium: trade agreements with leaders in the Congo basin Sets off scramble for Africa Berlin Conference: set up rules for colonizing Africa –Cultural and ethnic diversity ignored

12. Battle for Southern Africa Zulu Empire: ruled by Shaka Zulu Strong military almost defeats British Arrival of Europeans –Boers Dutch farmers in Capetown

13. The Boer War 1899 to 1902 Battle over diamond and gold mines Ceil Rhodes British governor of Cape town decides to help the British miners Boers lose 1910 South Africa is formed

14. Post World War II All the African Colonies obtain their independence after WWII Pan Africanism: African nations should work together to solve problems

15. Problems Tribalism: ethnic rivalries Political instability Military dictatorships Population explosion Economic dependence Impact of geography –Inability to develop raw materials –Poor climate

16. End to Colonial Empires Asian and African Countries gain their independence after World War II

17. Nationalistic Leaders Jomo Kenyatta/Kenya Kwame Nkrumah/ Ghana Leopold Senghor/Senegal

19. Jomo Kenyatta Country: Kenya Time Frame:1960s and 1970s Known for: –Independence leader of Kenya 1963/1964 –African nationalist –Leader of KAU (Kenya African Union) –Led Mau Mau uprising against Great Britain –ruled as dictator –Encourage foreign investment

20. Algeria French and Algerians 1954 to 1962 FLN/National Liberation Front Charles DeGaulle of France

21. Major Problems Facing Africa Population Explosion Tribalism/Civil War One Party Rule/dictatorships Drought/Famine Desertification/Deforestation Aids Type of Economic System Foreign Debt Rapid Urbanization/loss of traditional culture

22. Congo Rich in natural resources Leader:Mobutu Sese Seko Area: Zaire (Democratic Republic of the Congo) Dictator: –Took money from the country’s treasury & put it into his own bank account –Supported by US –Set tribe against tribe to consolidate power –Overthrown when ethnic fighting in Rwanda between the Hutu and Tutsi spilled over into Zaire

23. Hutus vs. Tutsis Burundi and Rwanda Central African nations Dysfunctional states created by old colonial borders Belgium/Tutsis in Charge 15% Tutsis/ 85%Hutus Tutsis control military and government 1994 Hutus gained power in Rwanda 1/2million Tutsis killed Burundi Ethnic fencing of Hutus

24. Sierra Leone 10 year civil war Blood Diamonds Revolutionary United front Rebels kidnapped more than 5400 children to fight Ages 6 to 17 Massive killings/war crimes Financed by diamonds UN Embargo on diamonds from Sierra Leone

25. Diamonds Charles Taylor of Liberia violated embargo Burkina Faso another country that violated the embargo De Beers

26. Sudan Dafur region Sunni Muslim militias oppress the Black Africans who follow animistic religions Militias commonly known as Janjaweed Widespread rape, ethnic cleansing, murder and looting. 50,000 killed Displaced over 1.2 million people.

27. South Africa: Struggles for Equity

29. History and Setting British Colony till 1910 Afrikaners descendants of Boers Ethnic and racial Backgrounds –Boers descendants of Dutch Settlers –English –Africans –Asians –Mixed races

30. History and Setting Continued After WWII gov’t strengthened its system of Apartheid Apartheid: separation of the races Tenaciously denied political rights to the Black Majority Goal to perpetuate White rule Interracial marriages banned

31. Characteristics of Apartheid Complex set of laws required each race to separately: –Attend schools –Live –Find recreation –Attend church –Best jobs and land reserved for Afrikaners –Blacks needed passports to travel within South Africa

32. American Segregation Equals South African Apartheid

38. 1975 population distribution 1978 Income distribution 1985 population distribution1988 Income distribution

39. Homelands for Blacks Bantustans or homelands formed because of opposition to apartheid Poorest land within South Africa Lacked resources Needed passport to leave to look for work

40. Opposition Beginning in 1950s Protests Gov’t ruthlessly crushes them Formation of the African National Congress (ANC) formed in 1912 becomes a major force in the fight Outlawed till 1990 Nelson Mandela one of the ANC leaders spent over 25years in jail

41. Opposition Bishop Desmond Tutu fought for freedom Won the Nobel Peace Prize Western Nations imposed Economic Sanctions :withdrew investment capital Great amount of violence

42. Bishop Desmond Tutu Country: South Africa Time Frame:1960s to 1990s Known For: Anti Apartheid Movement –Led peaceful demonstrations in protest –Traveled to US –Urged foreign companies not to spend money in SA –Economic Sanctions

43. Nelson Mandela Country:South Africa Time frame: 1950s to present Known For: –Fought Against Apartheid –Started Non-violent then vio;ent actions in protest –Put in jail for 27 years by white gov’t –Elected 1 st Black president of SA in 1994 –1 st elections held in 1994

44. F.W. de Klerk Country: South Africa Time Frame: late 1980s and early 1990s. Known For: –Last white ruler of South Africa –Dismantled Apartheid –Allowed free elections –Freed Mandela from prison –Legalized the ANC

45. Gov’t forced to pass reforms Frederick de Klerk president of South Africa –Negotiates with ANC –Frees Mandela –Sets elections for 1994 –First free elections held in 1994 –Nelson Mandela 1 st Black president of South Africa –De Klerk and Mandela win Noble Peace Prize

48. Problems facing the New South Africa Poor economy enormous poverty 45% unemployment Ethnic or tribal violence