1. Learning Theories Nicolette Thayer Stacy Reda

2. Psychodynamic Theory Asserts that the individual develops a basic personality core in childhood and that responses stem from personality organization and emotional problems as a result of environmental experiences.

3. Sigmund Freud 1856-1939 Was a medical doctor Became interested in the irrational side of human behavior as he treated “hysterics” Personality was the most important aspect of development

4. StageAgeDescription Oral Birth to 2 Mouth (sucking, biting) source of pleasure Eating and teething Anal2-3 Bowel movements source of pleasure Toilet learning Phallic3-6 Genitals source of pleasure Sex role identification and conscious development Latency6-12 Sexual forces dormant Energy put into schoolwork and sports Genital12-18 Genitals source of pleasure Stimulation and satisfactions from relationships

5. Erik Erikson 1902-1994 Psychosocial development Most influential psychoanalyst His interest in children and education had been lifelong Emphasized the drive of identity and meaning in a social context

6. StageDescriptionChallenge OneThe newbornTrust vs. Mistrust TwoToddlers Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt ThreeChildhoodInitiative vs. Guilt FourSchool Competence (or industry) vs. Inferiority FiveAdolescence Search for Identity vs. Role Confusion SixYoung Adulthood Intimacy (love and friendship) vs. Isolation (loneliness) SevenGrown-ups Generativity (caring for the next generation) vs. Stagnation EightOld AgeIntegrity vs. Despair

7. Behaviorist Theory All important aspects of behavior and people are learned and can be modified or changed by varying external conditions.

8. John Watson 1878-1958 Taught psychology at John Hopkins Most famous and controversial experiment was known as the “Little Albert” experiment, where he conditioned a small child to fear a white rat Believed psychology should be the science of observable behavior

9. Edward Thorndike 1874-1949 Interest in psychology grew after reading the classic book The Principles of Psychology by William James. Known as the “ godfather of standardized testing” Came up with the stimulus-response technique

10. Ivan Pavlov 1849-1936 Russian physiologist Identified learning as respondent conditioning Cornerstone of behaviorist theory

11. B.F. Skinner 1904-1990 Skinner decided to abandon his career as a novelist and entered the psychology Most famous for his research on operant conditioning and negative reinforcement Stated that there is no behavior that can not be modified

12. Albert Bandura 1925- Became interested in psychology accidentally when taking psychology as filler classes—though he was a biological major Developed social learning theory Theorized that children think hard about what they see and feel; personal and cognitive factors influence behavior

13. Classical ConditioningOperant ConditioningSocial Learning Kind of BehaviorReflectiveVoluntary Type of Learning Learning through association Learning through reinforcement Learning through observation and imitation Role of learnerPassiveActive or passiveActive

14. Cognitive Theory Focuses on thought processes and how they change with age and experience

15. Jean Jacques Piaget 1896-1980 Studied both thought process and how they change with age His ideas serve as our guide to the cognitive theory Expert on the development of knowledge from birth to adulthood Major force in child psychology

16. StageAgeWhat Happens SensorimotorBirth to 18 months to two years Initial use of inherent reflexes Out of sight, out of mind Movements from accidental to more deliberate Learns to coordinate motor functions PreoperationalTwo to six or seven Gradual acquisition of language Symbolic Egocentric Physical characteristics, judged by appearance only “Conservation” develops slowly Concrete operationalSix to 12 Begins to “conserve” Can handle several ideas at the same time Starts to remove contradictions Can understand other points of views

17. Sociocultural Theory Focuses on the child as a whole and incorporated ideas of culture and values into child development.

18. Lev Vygotsky 1896-1934 Zone of Proximal Development Focused on how values, beliefs, skills, and traditions are transmitted to the next generation Looked more closely at mental abnormality Theory is rooted in experimental psychology

19. StageDescription Primitive Characterized by the infant experimenting with sound production. The coos, ga-gas and babbles emitted have no purpose but to explore the baby's sense of sound Lack of speech means no verbal thought is taking place Not that the baby has a lack of thought, but rather a lack of relationship with her thoughts Naive Begins when babies learn to speak The baby speaks words without grasping their purpose and meaning Over time, the child uses slightly more complex phrases These phrases lack an understanding of grammar or structure, determines meaning from the responses others give to his phrases External Child starts to use objects to signify meaning and words Rhyming is a device used to help solidify her memory of objects and sounds Ingrowth Occurs when children start to internalize many of the tasks he learned during the previous phases A need to communicate with others people around him improves his ability to internalize thought and actions Inner speech shortens during this phase, called predication. Thought sentences lack a subject, because that subject is already known to the child.

20. Ecological Theory Based on the premise that development is greatly influenced by forces outside the child.

21. Uric Bronfenbrenner 1917-2005 developed the ecological theory to explain how everything in the child's environment affects how a child grows and develops In his view development is “a joint function of person and environment”

23. Multiple Intelligences Theory Outlines several different kinds of intelligences, rather than the notion of intelligence as measured by standardized testing.

24. Howard Gardner 1943- Asserts that there is strong evidence both from the brain-based research and from the study of genius His theory has a big impact on schools— transforming curricula and teaching methods

25. AreaDefinition Musical Intelligence Be able to hear, recognize, and remember patterns Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence Use parts or all of your body to solve a problem or make something Logical-Mathematical Intelligence Think in a logical pattern and understand principles of a system Linguistic Intelligence Use language to express your thoughts, ideas, feelings, Ability to understand other people and their words Spatial Intelligence Represent the world internally in spatial terms Interpersonal Intelligence Understand other people Intrapersonal Intelligence Understand yourself Knowing who you are, and how you react Naturalist Intelligence Discriminate among living things Sensitivity to other features of the natural world

26. Maturation Theory The sequence of behavior and the emergence of personal characteristics develop more through predetermined growth processes than through learning and interaction with the environment.

27. Arnold Gesell 1880-1961 Physician intrigued with the notion that children's internal clock seemed to govern their growth and behavior Established norms for several areas of growth and the behaviors that accompany such development

28. Learning Behavior Preferences Expectations Motivation Retention Self- Efficiency Awareness Self- Regulation Contingencies Reinforcement Models Action Punishment Response Attention Environment

29. Humanistic Theory Involves principles of motivation and wellness, centering on people’s needs, goals, and successes.

30. Abraham Maslow 1908-1970 His theory of Self- actualization is a set of ideas about what people need to become and stay healthy Asserts that every human being is motivated by a number of basic needs

32. Nature vs. Nurture The argument regarding human development that centers around two opposing viewpoints Nature refers to the belief that it is a person’s genetic, inherent character that determines development Nurture applies to the notion that it is the sum total of experiences and the environment that determines development

33. Bibliography Beginnings & Beyond (Foundations in Early Childhood Education) http://physchology.about.com http://www.ehow.com/info_8451423_vygotskys- stages-language-development.html http://www.ehow.com/info_8451423_vygotskys- stages-language-development.html