1. Anat 1 Chapter 8 : Articulations

2. Functional / Structural Classification of Joints
Synarthrosis (no movement)
Bony Fusion (Synostosis)
Fibrous (Suture and Gomphosis)
Cartilaginous (Synchondrosis)
Amphiarthrosis (little movement)
Fibrous (Syndesmosis)
Cartilaginous (Symphysis)
Give example location for each

3. 3) Diarthrosis (free movement)
Always synovial joints
mono, di-, and triaxial
Strength vs. motility The greater the range of motion, the weaker the joint.
Dislocation = luxation
Partial dislocation = ?
“Double jointed”

4. Diarthroses = Synovial Joints
Have synovial cavity = space between two bones
Components that are always present (fig 8-1)
Components that are sometimes present

5. 3 Types of Motion at Synovial Joints
Linear motion = gliding
Angular motion :
flexion, extension, hyperextension
ab-, adduction
circumduction
Rotation
left - right, internal or medial, external or lateral
supination, pronation

6. Special Movements Dorsiflexion, plantar flexion
Protraction, retraction
Elevation, depression
Eversion inversion

7. 6 types of Diarthroses Gliding Joint Hinge Joint Pivot Joint
Ellipsoidal joint
Saddle joint
Ball & Socket joint

8. Gliding Joint • also found between carpals and tarsals
articulating surfaces flat.
• also found between carpals and tarsals
• only slight movement - rotation prevented by ?

9. Hinge Joint
Convex surface of bone 1 fits into concave surface of bone 2
found in ?
monoaxial

10. Pivot Joint
rotation
Projection of bone 1 articulates within ring of bone 2
Also found in proximal ends of ulna and radius  pronation and supination

11. Ellipsoidal (Condyloid) Joint
Oval shaped condyle of bone 1 fits into elliptical cavity of bone 2
Also found between phalanges & metacarpals/-tarsals
Angular motion in two planes (= )

12. Saddle Joint Articular surfaces shaped like saddle and rider
Modified condyloid joint
Extensive angular motion without rotation
Also between malleus and incus

13. Ball and Socket Joint
Ball like surface of bone 1 fits into cuplike depression of bone 2
Found in ___________
Allows for flexion, ab- or adduction and rotation ( _____axial)

14. Representative Articulations
Temporomandibular Joint
Mostly hinge joint, some gliding and rotation
Articular disc

15. Intervertebral articulations
Gliding joints between ____________________
Intervertebral discs: (Amphiarthroses) 
annulus fibrosus: tough outer layer (fibrocartilage)
nucleus pulposus: soft, gelatinous core
Account for ~25% of vertebral column height – H2O loss during aging
Intervertebral ligaments
Fig 8-8

16. Disc Problems Slipped disc vs. herniated disc
Most common sites for disc problems:
C5 - C6
L4 - L5
L5 - S1
Lumbago
Laminectomy ( surgical removal vertebral arch by shaving laminae to access disc)
Fig 8-9

17. Glenohumeral Joint Type?
Greatest range of motion (due to loose and shallow)
Most frequently dislocated
Stability provided by?

18. Hip Joint Deep well fitted _______ joint Participants ? Stabilization:
Extracapsular and intracapsular ligaments (ligamentum teres = ligamentum capitis femoris)
Surrounding muscles
Most important normal movement?
Fig 8-15

19. Knee Joint Much more complex than elbow
Much less stable than other ______
structurally 3 separate joints
Extra- and intracapsular ligaments
Locking of knee due to external rotation of tibia
Figs 8-16 & 17

20. The end
The end