1. © CSCOPE 2009 1 The Roman Republic

2. © CSCOPE 2009 Latin- Early settlers of Rome Etruscans- Northern Italy Eventually take control of Rome and build it into a great city. Build it on 7 hills for protection. 509 BCE- Romans drive Etruscans out. 2 Early Romans

3. © CSCOPE 2009 The Forum- The central public square used for government meetings. Republic- a government without a king Not a true democracy because of elected representatives by the people. 3 Roman Government

4. © CSCOPE 2009 4 Roman government Patricians- wealthy landowners that controlled the republic. Consuls- two individuals that directed the daily affairs of government and led the army. One-year terms

5. © CSCOPE 2009 5 The Senate 300 member council of patricians that made laws and served Rome. Most powerful part of The Republic.

6. © CSCOPE 2009 6 The Plebeians The common people (common farmers, artisans, merchants) Had no say in governement Allowed to take part in the assembly, but had less power than the Senate. Twelve Tables- 451 BCE Plebeians have Roman laws written. Gives common people some protection against unfair patrician decisions.

7. © CSCOPE 2009 7 The Roman Army Superior due to its discipline and organization. Used a tight battle formation used by Greek foot soldiers. Opponents used mob warfare. Legion- basic army unit.

8. © CSCOPE 2009 8 Roman Alliances How did Rome maintain its alliances with former enemies? 1.Granted Roman citizenship to allies. 2.Allowed allies to keep local government. 3.Gave protection and maintained order in Italy.

9. © CSCOPE 2009 9 The Punic Wars 264-202 BCE- Series of wars between Rome and Carthage Carthage- North African city founded by Phoenicians. First Punic War Rome- superior army Carthage- superior navy Rome gains Sicily- makes it a province (territory outside of Italy) Second Punic War Hannibal invades Italy.

10. © CSCOPE 2009 10Hannibal Carthaginian general Invades Italy from the north via the Alps with elephants. Battle of Cannae Hannibal pulls back from Rome. Romans believe he is retreating and follow. Hannibal surrounds and defeats. Scipio- Roman general attacks Carthage Hannibal tries to return home. Defeats Hannibal at the Battle of Zama.

11. © CSCOPE 2009 Romans burn it because it represented Hannibal. Survivors sold into slavery. Becomes a Roman province along with Greece and the Mediterranean. 11 Destruction of Carthage

12. © CSCOPE 2009 Hannibal’s invasion destroyed the farms. Newly conquered lands begin to import food into Rome. Farmer income declines. Latifundia (large estates) created. 12 The Roman Republic in Crisis

13. © CSCOPE 2009 Tiberius Gracchus Elected to tribune promising aid to the farmers. Called for taking land and distributing it to the landless. Limit farm size Gaius Gracchus Gives grain to the poor. Opened more land to farmers. Secured more rights for the middle class. 13 The Gracchus Brothers

14. © CSCOPE 2009 Romans originally stayed united due to their fear of Carthage No Carthage– nothing to fear Senate unable to provide effective leadership. Patricians become more concerned w/ keeping their power and wealth. Slave revolts ! 14 More turmoil…

15. © CSCOPE 2009 15 Spartacus 73 BCE Proclaims war on Rome in attempt to free the slaves. 2 years of successful revolts Eventually killed along with 6000 followers.

16. © CSCOPE 2009 16 The rise of dictators Dictator- one person w/ absolute power Military loyalty came from loyalty to Rome. Gaius Marius Ensures loyalty of troops by promising loot from conquered lands. Lucius Sulla Rival to Marius Bloody wars over power Defeats Marius and becomes dictator of Rome.

17. © CSCOPE 2009 17 First triumvirate 60 BCE- Three army generals unite to rule Rome. Pompey Crassus Julius Caesar Caesar becomes consul and commands the Roman legions in Gaul. Conquers Gaul (France) and England. Pompey gets support from Senate. Orders Caesar to return home w/out the army. Caesar invades Rome w/ army and defeats Pompey. Becomes a “hero of the empire.”

18. © CSCOPE 2009 18 Julius Caesar Reforms Rome 1.Reorganized government with him as dictator. 2.Lowered taxes. 3.Makes governors responsible to him. 4.Grants citizenship to conquered peoples. March 15, 44 BCE- Caesar assassinated Stabbed in the Senate “Beware the Ides of March.”

19. © CSCOPE 2009 Mark Antony Lepidus Octavian Created by Mark Antony. Falls in love w/ Cleopatra, queen of Egypt. Octavian crushes the combined fleet of Antony and Cleopatra. 19 Second triumvirate

20. © CSCOPE 2009 20 Octavian 31 BCE- creates the Roman Empire Allows Senate to keep some power, but he would retain sole rulership. Changes name to Augustus “honored and majestic” Takes title of “Caesar” “first citizen”

21. © CSCOPE 2009 21 The Roman Empire Augustus gains control of the following: Military Takes complete control of Gives veterans bonuses of land. Provinces Supervised all the governors. Loyalty to Rome Granted citizenship to more conquered peoples of Europe.

22. © CSCOPE 2009 22 Pax Romana “The Roman Peace”- 27-180 AD Period of peace and prosperity. Julio-Claudian dynasty No real line of succession to the throne. First four emperors after Augustus that were either related to him or his wife. Not as good as Augustus.

23. © CSCOPE 2009 23 Tiberius 14-37 AD Augustus’ stepson Plots and violence become common in Roman politics.

24. © CSCOPE 2009 24 Caligula Cruel and insane Rules for 4 years Assassinated by his imperial guard.

25. © CSCOPE 2009 25 Claudius 41-54 AD Restores order to the Roman Empire.

26. © CSCOPE 2009 26Nero Claudius’ stepson Becomes Emperor at age 17. Becomes bloodthirsty and violent. Murders own mother for criticizing his mistress. Rome burns in 64 AD. Nero blames the Christians. Army rebels against him, and he commits suicide.

27. © CSCOPE 2009 27 Vespasian The year after Nero’s death, 2 emperors are assassinated and 1 commits suicide. Chosen by military as emperor of Rome. Restores discipline in the army and the administration of the Empire. Puts down revolts in Judaea and Gaul.

28. © CSCOPE 2009 66 AD- Jews revolt against Rome. Jerusalem captured and Holy Temple is destroyed. Masada- 1000 Jews take refuge in a mountain fortress. 2 year siege- falls to Rome in 73 AD. All the Jews inside commit suicide. 28 Judean revolt

29. © CSCOPE 2009 Vespasian's sons rule for almost 10 years. Senate chooses Nerva as the new emperor in 96 AD. Establishes the adoptive system. Adopts a son and declares him the heir to the throne. 29 Nerva

30. © CSCOPE 2009 30 Trajan 98-117 AD Adopted son of Nerva. Spanish-born Wise and popular Eases tax burden. Empire reaches its greatest size.

31. © CSCOPE 2009 31 Hadrian 117-138 AD Devoted to protecting the Empire, rather than expanding it. Creates Palestine out of Jewish territory. Encourages non-Jews to live there.

32. © CSCOPE 2009 Last of the adopted emperors. “Good Emperors” Many border wars with the Germanic tribes. Abandons the adoptive system and chooses his own son as the new emperor. Commodus- unfit to rule End of the Pax Romana 32 Marcus Aurelius

33. © CSCOPE 2008 Empire stretched from Asia Minor to the Danube and Rhine Rivers to Great Britain. Roman governors Enforced Roman law and settled provincial disputes. 33 The Height of the Roman Empire

34. © CSCOPE 2009 34 Roman Prosperity New roads, drained swamps, irrigation systems for the deserts. Roman Citizenship By 212 AD, virtually all free people in the Empire became Roman citizens. The Height of the Roman Empire