2. The President of the United States is the leader of the United States and the free world, and the “most powerful person on earth.”

3. Students, this chapter is about my 43 predecessors and me. To start, what specific unitary powers of the presidency have I used? used? CinC: shift military attention from Iraq to Afghanistan Afghanistan Executive orders to reverse several Bush policies continued policies continued

4. Here are a few more examples. Ordered the Department of Ordered the Department of Transportation to allow states to Transportation to allow states to impose emissions requirements that impose emissions requirements that exceed federal standards exceed federal standards Overturned the ban on government contributions to international organizations contributions to international organizations that offer family planning services that that offer family planning services that include abortion include abortion

5. Here are some interesting facts about the office of the president. Qualifications: 35 years of age 35 years of age Native born citizen Native born citizen U. S. resident for the last U. S. resident for the last 14 years 14 years To date, all presidents have been white, To date, all presidents have been white, male Christians. Most have been highly male Christians. Most have been highly educated educated

6. Today the President presides over: Budget: $2.7 trillion Budget: $2.7 trillion Federal establishment: 2.7 million Federal establishment: 2.7 million civilian employees civilian employees Military: 1.5 million personnel (active) Military: 1.5 million personnel (active) 10,000 deliverable nuclear warheads 10,000 deliverable nuclear warheads 2,600 of which are operational 2,600 of which are operational 313 million people 313 million people $14 trillion GDP $14 trillion GDP 3.8 million square miles of land mass 3.8 million square miles of land mass

7. Bully!! The president’s term in office is 4-years and, since the ratification of the 22 nd Amendment in 1951, he or she can run for re- election once. President’s salary: $400,000 per year plus a tax free $50,000 allowance for performing official duties

8. I am the third President, Thomas Jefferson. What is presidential succession and what is the current order? Presidential succession: Presidential succession: who should fill the presi- who should fill the presi- dency and in what order dency and in what order Vice President; Speaker of House; Pres. Pro. Tem of Senate; Sec State; Sec Treasury; Sec Def.; Attorney Gen;

9. The Founders wanted a president of limited powers—above parties & factions, to conduct foreign policy & enforce laws

10. Several of my predecessors have helped define or have transformed the presidency. Let’s discuss some of them.

11. Washington—solidified the prestige of the presidency prestige of the presidency Affirmed primacy of president in foreign affairs in foreign affairs Fashioned a domestic legislative program legislative program Jefferson: added territory through treaty treaty

12. Jackson: helped transform the presidency into a popular presidency into a popular institution institution Polk: exercised powers of CinC; war with Mexico and acquired war with Mexico and acquired land as a result of that war land as a result of that war

13. Lincoln: used emergency powers based on broad interpretation of based on broad interpretation of the Constitution; raised/spent the Constitution; raised/spent money and deployed troops on money and deployed troops on own initiative; temporarily own initiative; temporarily suspended habeas corpus; suspended habeas corpus; allowed citizens to be tried in allowed citizens to be tried in military courts; unilaterally freed military courts; unilaterally freed slaves slaves

14. TR: vigorously pushed the prerogatives and enhanced the prerogatives and enhanced the powers of the office of the powers of the office of the presidency as no president since presidency as no president since Lincoln; strong CinC and chief Lincoln; strong CinC and chief diplomat; strong domestic policies: diplomat; strong domestic policies: broke trusts, established parks, broke trusts, established parks, regulated business and industry; regulated business and industry; “created the modern presidency” “created the modern presidency” (Alan Brinkley) (Alan Brinkley)

15. Wilson: expanded the federal government beyond the government beyond the scope of Theodore Roosevelt; scope of Theodore Roosevelt; Progressive domestic program, Progressive domestic program, the New Freedom; regulated the New Freedom; regulated the economy with the Federal the economy with the Federal Reserve Act of 1913 and the Reserve Act of 1913 and the Federal Trade Act of 1914; Federal Trade Act of 1914; tremendous powers as CinC tremendous powers as CinC during World War I during World War I

16. FDR: most significant expansion of presidential functions and activities; changed American expectations about the presidency; New Deal; independent commissions to regulate business; social programs such as Social Security; showed leadership in reaching out to workers (Wagner Act); vast military powers

17. JFK: used modern technology (television) to enhance his (television) to enhance his presidency presidency Reagan: conservative agenda; tax cuts, cut back regulations; cut domestic social programs; major military and foreign affairs initiatives; restored the people’s confidence in the presidency

18. I would like to be considered a President who transformed the presidency. What factors determine such a thing? Mixture of a president’s personal qualities (personality and character) and deeper structural factors (existence of crises) The presidency is the preeminent office in American government

19. Chief of State The president engages in diplomacy.

20. The Founders wanted to combine the roles of head of state (ceremonial) and chief executive of government

21. The president is the chief priority-setter of the United States government—he sets the legislative agenda, often through the submission of the budget each January

22. Chief Agenda Setter of the U. S. Government President Obama giving the State of the Union Address. What is the State of the Union Address?

23. State of the Union Address: A speech that the president gives each January before a joint session of Congress, which sets forth the programs, policies, and legislation that he or she wants Congress to enact. This speech coincides with the submission of the President’s Budget (Budget Act of 1921).

24. The President’s Roles The Chief Executive President G. H. W. Bush in Oval Office

25. Controls a huge executive branch of millions of people, but shares power with Congress

26. The president recruits the best people possible to serve in his cabinet—those people who run the executive agencies of the Federal Government.

27. Executive Powers include carrying out the laws and appointing officials One way the president enforces laws is through executive orders. What are they?

28. Executive orders are detailed instructions, regulations, and rules that state how to carry out and enforce legislation. They have the force of law. In 1957, I signed an executive order that sent federal troops to Little Rock, Arkansas to enforce desegregation of Central High School.

29. Students, both my daddy and I served as president. I revived a long-dormant constitutional theory known as the unitary executive. What is that? Based on Article II of the Constitution: “The executive Power shall be vested in a President...” and “The President shall President...” and “The President shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed.” take care that the laws be faithfully executed.”

30. Under the unitary executive doctrine, the president has the sole authority to do president has the sole authority to do certain things, such as direct the actions certain things, such as direct the actions of the CIA and the NSA and the armed of the CIA and the NSA and the armed forces in defense of the nation. He alone forces in defense of the nation. He alone can interpret, in his signing statements, can interpret, in his signing statements, the meaning of laws passed by Congress the meaning of laws passed by Congress for executive branch personnel. He alone for executive branch personnel. He alone can determine the degree to which can determine the degree to which departmental and agency personnel departmental and agency personnel cooperate with Congress. cooperate with Congress. Not broadly accepted by scholars

31. Presidents usually provide Congress with information that body requests. But sometimes, presidents refuse to do so, as Richard M. Nixon did in 1973. In that case, Nixon invoked executive privilege. Executive privilege: the president’s right not to hand over documents or to testify regarding matters that he or she believes are his/her confidential business

32. Judicial Powers In addition to nominating federal judges, including Supreme Court justices, presidents can issue reprieves, pardons and commutations. What do each of those terms mean?

33. Reprieve: postpones the carrying out of a person’s sentence in order to gather more evidence or to appeal for a new trial. Before I left office, I issued many pardons: forgiveness to a convicted criminal. It frees that person from serving out his or her sentence. Commutations lessen the severity of a convicted person’s sentence

34. Foreign policy leader: our plans for dealing with other countries. The goals of U. S. foreign policy are to promote trade and friendship with other countries while maintaining the security of the United States.

35. Diplomacy: the art of conducting negotiations with foreign countries.

36. The president’s foreign policy role includes making treaties that include peace agreements, trade agreements and forming alliances. Alliances: agreements between 2 or more countries to help each other for defense, economic, scientific or other reasons

37. Presidents, such as Lyndon B. Johnson, right, also can make executive agreements. What are they? More informative understandings between an American president and the leader of a foreign government

38. Presidents can also establish diplomatic recognition. Determining whether or not Determining whether or not the U. S. officially recognizes the U. S. officially recognizes a government as the proper a government as the proper representative of a country’s people.

39. Commander-in-Chief of Armed Forces Article II, Section 2 of Constitution

40. With the help of the “football,” the president controls a massive nuclear arsenal With the Secretary of Defense and the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, commands the U. S. military

41. A key part of the president’s job as Commander-in-Chief is crisis management. This photo shows the Kennedy Administration’s meetings during the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis

42. It is crucial that during times of crisis the president appear to be a confident, take-charge leader

43. Military powers: Committing troops—such as when President Bush committed troops to Fight in Iraq. Limited by the War Powers Act of 1973 soldiers sent abroad by the president must be brought back within 60 days unless Congress approves the action (Congress approved the war against Iraq) Iraq) Rule of thumb: Congress—offensive; President--defensive

44. Party Leader Aids candidates, raises money, campaigns

45. Representative of the Nation President Bush represents the American people at World Trade Center Ruins

46. The president should be a person who builds the morale of the nation through inspirational actions and symbolic functions

47. Well hi you Columbians. Elle here with, of course, my best friend Bruiser. I’m going to help my good friend, Mr. Simoncini, tell you about how the Executive Branch of our government works. HOOAH!!

48. The Office of the President is made up of several separate organizations. Here are some of them. Today, the White House Office serves as White House Office White House Office the president’s personal staff and close advisers. Because they are considered the president’s Because they are considered the president’s personal staff, they can be appointed by the personal staff, they can be appointed by the president without Senate confirmation being president without Senate confirmation being necessary. necessary.

49. Here are some of the key members of the president’s personal staff. The Chief of Staff manages all of the White House staff and controls access to the president. President Obama’s Chief of Staff is Jack Lew The White House Press Office, led by the Press Secretary, provides key information to the media and conducts press briefings. President Obama’s Press Secretary is Jay Carney.

50. The president’s personal staff also includes speech writers, pollsters, schedulers, and advance people. A second important office in the Executive Office of the President is the National Security Council. Mrs. Simoncini is sooo lucky ‘cause her husband is hecka HOT! Psssst.

51. The National Security Act of 1947 established the National Security Council (NSC) to improve coordination among the government departments that deal with national security issues. The NSC includes the Director of Central Intelligence (from the CIA) and the Secretaries of State and Defense. The NSC staff is headed by the National Security Advisor, appointed by the president. President Bush’s National Security Advisor is Thomas Donilon.

52. The Executive Office of the President also includes the Office of Management and Budget, which, among other things, writes the President’s Budget. The Director of the OMB holds cabinet rank. President Obama’s Director is Jeffrey Zients. The Executive Office of the President also includes the Council of Economic Advisers and the National Economic Council.

53. Another important member of the Executive Branch is the Vice President, who, today, is Joe Biden. For many years, it was a do nothing job. John Nance Garner: “It’s not worth a pitcher of warm piss.”

54. That’s right Elle. For example, I gave my vice president, Al Gore, several responsibilities. What were some? In recent years, presidents have used the talents and skills of their vice presidents to the benefit of the nation.

55. That’s right. I formulated environmental policy and led the effort to “reinvent government.” But political scientists consider one other vice president to have had the most significant policymaking role. Who was that?

56. Dick Cheney, VP for George W. Bush, was a very influential vice president: advisor on domestic and foreign policy; long range planning; selection of Supreme Court justices; main liaison to Republicans in Congress. 12 th Amendment: VPs on party tickets

57. Students, I am President Lyndon B. Johnson. During my presidency, we ratified the 25 th Amendment to the Constitution. How did that amendment change the rules of presidential succession?

58. 25 th Amendment (1967): Succession in case of temporary or permanent inability of the president to discharge the office If vice presidency becomes vacant, the president can nominate a new VP, subject to confirmation by both houses of Congress Gerald Ford Nelson Rockefeller Gerald Ford Nelson Rockefeller

59. The president’s wife, today Michelle Obama, is called the First Lady of the Land. In recent years, presidents’ wives have taken an active role in politics. The most active was Hillary Rodham Clinton. Rodham Clinton.

60. In addition to the Executive Office of the President there are 15 cabinet departments led by secretaries or, in the case of the Department of Justice, The Attorney General On the next few pages, we will look at President Obama’s present cabinet. For more information go to http://www.whitehouse.gov/government/cabinet.html

61. Secretary of Agriculture: Tom Vilsack Secretary of Commerce: John E. Bryson Secretary of Defense: Leon Panetta

62. Secretary of Education: Arne Duncan Secretary of Energy: Steven Chu Secretary of Health & Human Services: Kathleen Sebelius Secretary of Homeland Security: Janet Napolitano

63. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development: Shaun Donovan Shaun Donovan Secretary of the Interior: Ken Salazar Attorney General: Eric Holder Secretary of Labor: Hilda Solis

64. Secretary of Transportation: Ray LaHood Secretary of the Treasury: Timothy Geithner Secretary of State: Hillary Rodham Clinton

65. Secretary of Veterans Affairs: Eric Shinseki

66. Cabinet’s recent power and influence Presidents do not rely on the cabinet as a decision-making body a decision-making body Infrequently convened in recent years Government has grown large and specialized specialized Most department heads are experts in their own areas, little to contribute their own areas, little to contribute elsewhere elsewhere

67. Factors that shape congressional- presidential relations: conflict by design Partisan & ideological makeup of Congress Popularity & skills of the president Strength of political parties Nature of various shaping events

68. Hey! I know that less than 50% of the measures I propose will become law. Why?

69. Shared Powers as stated in the Shared Powers as stated in the Constitution Constitution Congress may not agree with the Congress may not agree with the President on certain matters President on certain matters Separate Elections Separate Elections

70. Other factors to consider Constitutional ambiguities Constitutional ambiguities Different constituencies Different constituencies Varying terms in office Varying terms in office Divided government Divided government The role of political parties The role of political parties Fluctuating public support Fluctuating public support At times, the need for supermajorities At times, the need for supermajorities

71. So, my next question is: what factors tend to make presidents successful with to make presidents successful with Congress? Congress?

72. When the President’s party controls both When the President’s party controls both houses of Congress houses of Congress More legislative success Appointment approval (Senate) Gentler oversight of Executive Branch activities activities Foreign Policy/National Security Prerogative Foreign Policy/National Security Prerogative Vetoes difficult to override Vetoes difficult to override Popular presidents tend to have more Popular presidents tend to have more success with Congress success with Congress

73. Coalition Builders Persuading—power to persuade is the president’s chief resource (bargaining) president’s chief resource (bargaining)

74. Molders of Public Opinion

75. Techniques used to shape public opinion Franklin Roosevelt: fireside chats John F. Kennedy: weekly press conferences Recent presidents: Nixon: prime-time television addresses Nixon: prime-time television addressesNixon Reagan: prime-time television addresses Reagan: prime-time television addresses and weekly radio addresses and weekly radio addresses

76. Clinton: more interactive (radio & TV talk shows & informal town meetings) Obama: talk shows, town meetings, speeches

77. Jay, my predecessors and I tend to respond to public opinion. What evidence does the text provide? Presidents and staffs carefully read available public opinion surveys and have full-blown polling operations of their own.

78. I was a very popular president. What things tend to make presidents popular or unpopular? Popular during times of good Popular during times of good news; unpopular during times of bad news; successful military operations add to presidential popularity; decisive presidents during times of crisis are popular

79. The Federal Bureaucracy Hey! Which one of you can tell Bruiser the definition of bureaucracy? A highly organized system of people and their work.

80. What are some of the advantages of bureaucracy? Bureaucracies have the Bureaucracies have the ability to organize large ability to organize largetasks The Federal Bureaucracy is merit-based Another advantage is its hierarchical structure and organization

81. Why is it difficult for the Federal bureaucracy to respond when it is necessary to do so? Surrounded by legal restrictions Subject to intense legislative oversight, compared to other nations compared to other nations

82. What is the difference in respect accorded to civil servants between the U. S. and certain European nations? Other nations: the civil service is highly respected and attracts talented people. In France, the U. K., and Germany, civil service positions are filled by top graduates of elite universities

83. Let’s discuss the various bureaus and agencies in the federal government. The U. S. Government has several independent agencies. What are those? Agencies created by Congress to help the president carry out the work of the executive branch. Independent means separate from cabinet departments.

84. Examples include: The Social Security Administration The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) NASA The CIA

85. Some independent agencies are government corporations. What are they? Non-profit businesses The largest government corporation is the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), which guarantees peoples’ bank deposits.

86. We also have quasi- governmental organizations. What are they? They are hybrids of public and private organizations. A portion of the boards of organizations. A portion of the boards of directors are appointed by the private directors are appointed by the private sector. sector. Examples include the Federal Reserve Board and the Corporation for Public Broadcasting

87. Agencies that act with the least direction from the White House; they are independent agencies that have the power to establish and enforce regulations. Examples include the Securities and Exchange Examples include the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Federal Trade Commission, Commission, the Federal Trade Commission, and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the Nuclear Regulatory Commission Also under the Executive Branch are regulatory commissions. What are they?

88. How are bureaucracies “unelected policy makers? Advise government officials Make rules and regulations Those regulations have force of law, but they usually carry civil, not criminal, penalties for violations Such regulations are usually found in the Code of Federal Regulations. For example, Title IX required schools to give equal athletic rights to females.

89. Congress cannot micromanage every issue because it lacks the time, resources and expertise. Congress has given the Executive branch some power to adjudicate, or conduct quasi-legal proceedings

90. In all of these Executive Branch agencies, most of the employees are civil servants. Who can define that term? Appointed or non-appointed people employed by the federal government. We have come a long way from the system of hiring those people begun by Andrew Jackson. What system was that?

91. Federal employees secure their Federal employees secure their jobs through competitive exams jobs through competitive exams and stay on the job even after new presidents take office. Today almost all non-appointed civil servants get their jobs through testing. The spoils system Today most civil servants are selected through a process started with the passage of the Pendleton Act of 1883: the merit system. What is that?

92. Agency merit services: many Agency merit services: many agencies recruit people with agencies recruit people with specialized training, i.e. specialized training, i.e. doctors for the Public Health Service Excepted Services: positions are classified by a schedule system that determines specific requirements for filling each job So how are American civil servants hired?

93. Appointed officials include high level appointees that must be approved by the Senate and lower level Senior Executive Service (SES) employees that do not require Senate approval. Most non-appointed employees are classified Most non-appointed employees are classified as either General Management (GM) or General as either General Management (GM) or General Service (GS) and are paid on a scale based on Service (GS) and are paid on a scale based on seniority and responsibility. seniority and responsibility.

94. And women and minorities are over-represented in the very lowest civil service grades and are under- represented in the highest. So, what do presidents tend to consider when they nominate people for the 600 Executive Schedule appointments?

95. Elle, we tend to reserve important appointments for people we trust and who bring expertise and experience. Candidly, we also want to find places for appointments for people who played important roles in our election, or possibly their children, whether or not they possess the requisite skills for the job.

96. When I was president we used the E.G.G. test to create my cabinet. Ethnicity Gender Geography

97. Top political appointees, on average, stay in office only 22 months. Why? Most see government service as only a short-term commitment short-term commitment Most make financial sacrifices to become top bureaucratic officials bureaucratic officials Many don’t find public notoriety appealing Some become targets of partisan attacks

98. As president, I am the formal head of the executive branch. But, presidents often feel stymied by the bureaucracy. Why? The bureaucracy is huge When presidents want action, they are unlikely to get instantaneous acquiescence Do not fear presidents because of hiring/ Do not fear presidents because of hiring/ firing rules and because of agency firing rules and because of agency alliances with interest groups & alliances with interest groups & congressional committees congressional committees

99. OK, then. So what tools can presidents use to try to control the bureaucracy? Presidential prestige (bully pulpit) Power of appointment President controls the budget through OMB therefore controls funding for agencies therefore controls funding for agencies Regulatory review and executive orders

100. How can we in Congress control the bureaucracy? Congress can create new agencies Senate confirms presidential appointments Advise and consent power per The Constitution to shape policies Budget appropriations Oversight hearings Office of the Inspector General in every Executive branch department & agency Executive branch department & agency