1. Social Drugs

2. Drug Experimentation  Usually starts in adolescent years  Different reasons why teenagers start using drugs: Peer pressure Peer pressure Low self esteem Low self esteem Curiosity Curiosity Non-intact families (one parent missing) Non-intact families (one parent missing) Homes with no religious affiliation or activity Homes with no religious affiliation or activity  Most commonly abused drugs are alcohol, tobacco, and marijuana

3. Indicators of Drug Use  Rebelliousness/non-conformity  Accepts deviant behavior in others  Lack of ambition  Lack of commitment to school  Impulsive  Preoccupied by pleasure seeking  Minimal concern for risk  Poor problem solving & coping skills  Low self-esteem  Hx of physical & psychological illness

4. How to Detect Addiction?  Watch for addictive behavior  Look for signs of withdrawal: Irritability, sweating, insomnia, tachycardia Irritability, sweating, insomnia, tachycardia  If an individual is truly experiencing pain, the effect of addiction is diminished

5. Social Drug Use  Street drugs do not enhance performance, so athletes who use street drugs use them for recreational purposes  Male high school athletes have a higher incidence of marijuana use than non- athletes  Female athletes, have a lower incidence of marijuana use compared to non- athletes

6. Illegal Drug Safety  No quality control  “Fillers”: toxins, pesticides, fungi, bacteria, etc  Manufactured in van, garage, kitchen (not generally clean)  Overdoses & deaths possible

7. Alcohol  Ethanol alcohol is a depressant Interferes with transmission of nerve impulses Interferes with transmission of nerve impulses  Absorption varies depending on: Weight, proof of alcohol, & stomach contents Weight, proof of alcohol, & stomach contents  Takes avg person ~1hr to metabolize 1 standard drink 12oz of regular beer 12oz of regular beer 5oz wine 5oz wine 1.5oz of 80 proof distilled 1.5oz of 80 proof distilled spirits spirits

8. Alcohol Metabolism  The liver is able to metabolize about.5oz of ethanol/hr (~1 drink)  If more alcohol arrives in the liver than the enzymes can handle: Excess alcohol circulates in the body, until liver enzymes are able to process it Excess alcohol circulates in the body, until liver enzymes are able to process it  Good rule: Don’t consume > 1 drink/hr!

9. Alcohol  Proof refers to the amount of alcohol in the liquor 100 proof liquor contains 50% alcohol 100 proof liquor contains 50% alcohol 40 proof liquor contains 20% alcohol 40 proof liquor contains 20% alcohol  Wine has approximately 8-14% alcohol  Regular beer has 4-6% alcohol

10. Alcohol & Athletes  ACSM: Surveyed college athletes & non-athletes Surveyed college athletes & non-athletes Athletes were more likely to binge drink Athletes were more likely to binge drink 10,605 athletes vs 2,172 non-athletes 10,605 athletes vs 2,172 non-athletes Binge drinking is generally defined as consumption of 5+ drinks in 1 occasion Binge drinking is generally defined as consumption of 5+ drinks in 1 occasion  Banned by NCAA in rifle events: Sm amount can decr hand tremors & improve balance & throwing accuracy Sm amount can decr hand tremors & improve balance & throwing accuracy

11. Alcohol Stats  #1 killer of teenagers in vehicle related deaths in U.S.  Thousands of people die every year after chocking on their own vomit while they sleep  More than 1,700 college students in the U.S. are killed each year as a result of alcohol-related injuries

12. Adverse Effects of Alcohol  Decrease reaction times & muscle coordination  Increased speed times in short & long distance activities  Liver damage  Heart disease  Diabetes  Mental disorders  Hormonal imbalances  Decreased visual acuity  Dehydration

13. Tobacco  >4,000 chemicals inhaled in cigarette smoke cigarette smoke  Nicotine is one of those chemicals Reaches the brain within seconds Reaches the brain within seconds Causes pleasurable sensations, calming effect, decreased appetite Causes pleasurable sensations, calming effect, decreased appetite Addictive Addictive  Adverse effects: Cancer, emphysema, irregular HR, incr clotting, incr risk of heart attack

14. Never Too Late to Stop Smoking  Men who quit smoking by 30 add 10 yrs to their life  People who quit at 60 add 3 yrs to their life  After 20 min BP & pulse return to normal  After 24 hrs lungs start to clear  After 2 days sense of taste & smell improve  After 3 days energy increases  After 2-12 wks circulation improves  After 3-9 months breathing improves  After 1 yr heart attack risk is 1/2 that of a smoker  After 10 yrs lung cancer risk is 1/2 that of a smoker

15. Marijuana  Active ingredient: tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Contains >400 other chemicals Contains >400 other chemicals  Minor psychedelic  Produces lethargic effect Not ideal for an athlete Not ideal for an athlete  Chinese records dating from 28 B.C.  A nearly 3,000-year-old Egyptian mummy found w/ traces of THC  Used for centuries to Tx: Sedative, constipation, obesity, loss of appetite

16. Marijuana - How does it work???  Foreign chemicals, like THC, can mimic or block actions of neurotransmitters & interfere with normal functions  Cannabinoid receptors are activated by a neurotransmitter called anandamide  Anandamide is a cannabinoid your body makes. THC binds with cannabinoid receptors and activates neurons, which causes adverse effects on the mind and body THC binds with cannabinoid receptors and activates neurons, which causes adverse effects on the mind and body

17. Marijuana - Effects  High concentrations of cannabinoid receptors in: Hippocampus: can interfere with the recollection of recent events (short term memory), learning, problem solving Hippocampus: can interfere with the recollection of recent events (short term memory), learning, problem solving Cerebellum: can affect coordination Cerebellum: can affect coordination Basal ganglia: can affect motor coordination Basal ganglia: can affect motor coordination

18. Marijuana - Other Effects…  Problems with memory and learning  Distorted perception  Difficulty with thinking and problem solving  Loss of coordination  Increased heart rate  Anxiety, paranoia and panic attacks  The initial effects wear off in 1-2hrs but chemicals stay in your body much longer Hair follicles can store THC for years Hair follicles can store THC for years  T1/2: 20 hrs to 10 days

19. Marijuana - “Benefits”  Suppress nausea  Relieve eye pressure  Decrease muscle spasms  Stimulate appetite  Stop convulsions  Eliminate menstrual pain  Used to Tx Following Medical Conditions: Cancer & AIDS (to suppress nausea and stimulate appetite) Cancer & AIDS (to suppress nausea and stimulate appetite) Glaucoma (to alleviate eye pressure) Glaucoma (to alleviate eye pressure) Epilepsy (to stop convulsions) Epilepsy (to stop convulsions) Multiple sclerosis (to decrease muscle spasms) Multiple sclerosis (to decrease muscle spasms)

20. Marijuana - Federal Law  As of February 2014, in contrast to moves by several states toward medical marijuana statutes, the U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency listed marijuana as Schedule 1 substance.  Schedule 1 is reserved for "the most dangerous drugs," substances with "no currently accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse... [and] potentially severe psychological or physical dependence," including heroin, LSD and Ecstasy.

21. Marijuana - Abuse in Teens  Marijuana use is highest among younger people  Use in teenagers doubled from 1992 to 1999 1:13 kids aged 12-17 was current user 1:13 kids aged 12-17 was current user  50% of all 13-year-olds said they find & purchase it  49% said they first tried it at 13 y/o or younger (1998)  Since 1998, ER visits involving marijuana among 12 to 17 y/o jumped 48%  Children & teens: "3x’s likelier to be in treatment for marijuana than for alcohol "3x’s likelier to be in treatment for marijuana than for alcohol 6x’s likelier to be in treatment for marijuana than for all other illegal drugs combined“ (2004) 6x’s likelier to be in treatment for marijuana than for all other illegal drugs combined“ (2004)

22. Ecstasy  Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)  Pill/Tablet or Powder  Hallucinogenic & Stimulant  “Club Drug”  Stimulates serotonin & dopamine release Causing feelings of exhilaration & “friendliness” Causing feelings of exhilaration & “friendliness” Increases feelings much more intense (good or bad) Increases feelings much more intense (good or bad)  Drugs effects last up to 6 hours

23. Ecstasy - Effects  Permanent damage to serotonin receptors with chronic use  Confusion  Paranoid  Anxious  Hallucinations  Sleep disorders (stay awake for days)  Depression  Hyperthermia Can overheat & cause organ failure/death Can overheat & cause organ failure/death  Increased HR  Blurred vision  Chills  Sweating  Nausea  Damage cells involved w/ thinking & memory  Seizures  Brain swelling  Permanent brain damage

24. Methamphetamine (Meth)  Other Names: Crystal, chalk, and ice Crystal, chalk, and ice  Extremely addictive stimulant  Produces immediate, intense euphoria  Pleasure fades quickly  White, odorless, bitter-tasting crystalline powder  Administration: Orally, smoked, snorted, or dissolved in water or alcohol and injected Orally, smoked, snorted, or dissolved in water or alcohol and injected

25. Meth – How does it work?  Increases levels of dopamine in brain  Dopamine is involved in reward, motivation, the experience of pleasure, and motor function  Meth’s ability to release dopamine rapidly in reward regions of the brain produces the euphoric “rush”

26. Effects - Meth Long Term:  Anxiety  Confusion  Insomnia  Mood disturbances  Violent behavior  Paranoia  Hallucinations  Delusions (Exp: the sensation of insects crawling under the skin) Chronic Use:  Chemical & molecular changes in the brain  Reduced motor skills  Impaired verbal learning  Severe structural and functional changes in areas of the brain associated with emotion & memory

27. Additional Effects - Meth  Increased wakefulness  Increased physical activity  Decreased appetite  Increased RR  Rapid HR  Irregular heart beat  Increased BP  Increased body temp  Extreme weight loss Especially in face Especially in face  Severe dental problems (“meth mouth”)  Skin sores caused by scratching.  Increased risk of contracting HIV & Hep B & C

28. Heroin   Highly addictive   Made from the resin of poppy plants (like opium and morphine) Opium is refined to make morphine, then further refined into different forms of heroin   Injected, smoked, or sniffed

29. Heroin – How does it work?  When it enters the brain, heroin is converted back into morphine  Then it binds to opioid receptors located in areas responsible for the perception of pain & reward; BP, arousal, & respiration Heroin overdoses frequently involve a suppression of breathing Heroin overdoses frequently involve a suppression of breathing  Users report feeling a surge of euphoria (“rush”) accompanied by dry mouth, a warm flushing of the skin, heaviness of the extremities, and clouded mental functioning  Following this initial euphoria, the user goes “on the nod,” an alternately wakeful and drowsy state.

30. Effects - Heroin   “Rush”   Slowed breathing   Clouded mental functioning   Nausea and vomiting   Sedation; drowsiness   Hypothermia Body temperature lower than normal   Coma or death Due to overdose   Bad teeth/Inflammation of gums   Itching   Weakening of the immune system   Partial paralysis   Impotence in men   Loss of memory   Depression   Pustules on the face   Loss of appetite   Insomnia

31. LSD  Powerful hallucinogen  Manufactured from fungus that grows on rye & other grains  Tablets, pills, liquid, & absorbent paper  Disrupts flow of serotonin between nerves  The serotonin system is involved in: Controlling mood, hunger, body temp, sexual behavior, muscle control & sensory perception Controlling mood, hunger, body temp, sexual behavior, muscle control & sensory perception

32. Effects - LSD  Mood swings  Delusions  Hallucinations  Altered sense of time & self  Mix up senses (‘hear colors’ & ‘see sounds’)  Panic/Fear (terrifying thoughts)  Feelings of despair  Fear of losing control  Fear of insanity & death  Dilated pupils  Increased body temp,  Increased HR  Increased BP  Loss of appetite  Sleeplessness  Tremors

33. Cocaine/Crack  A powdered drug from the leaves of the coca plant Snorted, injected, or smoked Snorted, injected, or smoked  Generations of So. American Indians have chewed its leaves for incr. strength & energy  1800’s: used as an anesthetic & to prevent excess bleeding during surgery  Early 1900’s: people realized it was highly addictive, & non-medical use of the drug was banned in 1914

34. Cocaine - How does it work?  Prevents dopamine reabsorption by attaching to the dopamine transporter  Dopamine builds up in the synapse and continues to stimulate the receptor, creating the receptor, creating lingering feelings of lingering feelings of exhilaration/euphoria exhilaration/euphoria

35. Cocaine - How Addiction Happens  When effects wear off, leaves person feeling let- down & depressed, resulting in a desire to smoke more crack in order to feel good again  The brain responds to the dopamine overload by either destroying some of it, making less of it or shutting down its receptors  After a while, crack users become less sensitive to it and they must take more and more of it to achieve the desired effect  Eventually, they cannot stop taking the drug because their brains have been "rewired" -- they actually need it in order to function

36. Cocaine – Effects  Feeling energized  More alert  More sensitive to sight, sound, & touch  Restless/Anxious  Paranoia  Delusional behavior  Nausea  Loss of appetite  Heart attack  Stroke  Increased HR, BP & Temp  Seizures  Respiratory failure  Severe mental disorders  Extreme aggression  Combined w/ alcohol = potentially lethal toxic chemical in liver