1. Election of Thomas Jefferson
Revolution of 1800
Election of Thomas Jefferson

2. Election of 1800
Election was between Thomas Jefferson, Dem.-Rep., ran against John Adams, Federalist
Extremely bitter election: Adams was seen by Dem.-Reps. as wanting to create an American monarchy while Jefferson was viewed by the Federalists as dangerous due to his support of the French Revolution

3. The two parties
Federalists: typically believed in a strong national government and commercial economy. Supported by bankers and businesses and was strong in the North
Dem.-Reps.: typically believed in a weak national government and an agricultural economy. Supported by farmers, artisans, and frontier settlers and was strong in the South

4. Results of the election…
Jefferson got eight more electoral votes than Adams
Aaron Burr, Jefferson’s running mate, received the same number of electoral votes as Jefferson meaning it was up to the House of Reps. to elect the president
After six days and thirty-five ballots, Alexander Hamilton convinced fellow Federalists to vote for Jefferson over Burr
Jefferson was seen as the better of two evils
First peaceful transfer of power between two political parties in U.S. history- known as the Revolution of 1800

5. And 12th Amendment
Election revealed an issue on how the President and Vice-President were elected
Congress passed the 12th Amendment which allowed electors to vote for both Pres. and V.P. rather than casting two votes for Pres.
Fixed the problem of having a Pres. and V.P. from separate parties

6. Jefferson as president
Simplified the government and office of President:
Wore plain work clothes when receiving visitors
Cut back on spending for the army and navy
Eliminated taxes
Jefferson’s Presidency marked the beginning of a Southern dominance of politics which started with Jefferson being the first president to be inaugurated and work in Washington, D.C.

7. U.S. Expansion
In 1800, Napoleon Bonaparte convinced Spain to return the Louisiana Territory to France
Had the idea of expanding his French Empire into North America
U.S. citizens, and Jefferson, were upset and worried when they learned that France might again have a strong presence again
Jefferson sent James Monroe and U.S. Ambassador to France Robert Livingston to purchase the Louisiana Territory from France
Napoleon agreed to sell due to the Haitian Revolution and renewed battles in Europe
Purchased doubled the size of the U.S.

8. Constitutional question
Dem.-Reps. and Jefferson believed initially believed that the government did not have the authority under the Constitution to acquire new land and a new amendment was needed
Eventually though, Jefferson changed his mind and said that the government did have the authority to acquire new land
Made the change based on politics

9. Louisiana purchase

10. Exploring the new territory
Needed to explore the Louisiana Territory to establish a legal claim to it and to find out about its geography
All was done in secret; Jefferson had a bad relationship with the Federalists in Congress so the funding requests were kept a secret
Additionally Jefferson did not want to upset his party because there was no precedent for the expedition
Jefferson created an expedition to explore the new territory and appointed Meriwether Lewis to it
Called the Corps of Discovery from St. Louis to the Pacific Ocean

11. Lewis and Clark
Lewis picked William Clark as his second in command and selected 50 other soldiers and outdoorsmen for the expedition
Realized they need a guide for the expedition and eventually asked a fur trapper named Toussaint Charbonneau who brought his pregnant wife, Sacajawea
Sacajawea was extremely important to the expedition serving as an interpreter and guide
The expedition did not want to be seen as a war party by Native Americans; having a woman and child made it clear that their purpose was not war

12. Lewis, clark, and sacajawea
Meriwether Lewis
William Clark
Sacajawea

13. Focus of the expedition
Main purpose of the expedition to reach the Pacific Ocean and discover if it was possible to do so along a river for trade
Survey the new territory
Declare U.S. sovereignty over the territory to the Native American tribes living in the area
The secondary focus of the expedition was to collect samples and specimens to send back for study
Jefferson loved examining the specimens that Lewis and Clark sent back to him

14. The expedition
Departed on May 14, 1804 from near St. Charles, Missouri
Traveled along the Missouri River for the majority of the trip including through Kansas, Missouri, and Nebraska. The journey continued along other rivers including the Yellowstone, Salmon, Clearwater, and Columbia Rivers
Met with numerous tribes along the way, including meeting Sacagawea around winter in North Dakota

15. Pacific ocean and return trip
The expedition succeeded in their goal of reaching the Pacific Ocean in mid-November of 1805
Established a fort on the coast for shelter from storms but also to finalize the U.S. claim to the territory
Started the return home in March of 1806
The expedition split up for part of the way so that Lewis could explore some side rivers
When the expedition reunited, Lewis was accidently shot in the leg when a hunter mistook him for an elk

16. Map of the expedition

17. reaching the pacific ocean

18. legacy
The expedition succeeded in reaching the Pacific Ocean, in establishing diplomatic relations with the Native American tribes, and secured a legal claim to the land
Did not find a continuous water-way to the Pacific Ocean
Brought back numerous scientific samples and detailed drawings of the new territory

19. Pompeys pillar

20. The Marshall court
John Marshall was appointed Chief Justice by Adams; was a staunch Federalist
Marshall served on the Supreme Court for over 30 years and his decisions consistently strengthened the federal government at the cost of the state governments
Congress passed the Judiciary Act of 1801 which increased the number of federal judges by 16
Adams then filled most of the positions at the last minute, called midnight appointments, in an attempt to influence future decisions

21. John marshall

22. Marbury vs. madison
When Jefferson became President, he refused to deliver some of the appointments
William Marbury sued James Madison for the papers to be delivered which was ordered by the Judiciary Act of 1789
Marshall found that the Supreme Court could not be forced to order the papers delivered under the act and found it unconstitutional
Established judicial review- ability of the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional
Made the Judicial Branch equal in power with the other two

23. Friday, October 31st Hand in homework Take Daily Quiz
Lesson  War of 1812
Causes of the War
Opposition to the War
War of 1812

24. Daily Quiz What Supreme Court case established judicial review?
What did the Louisiana Purchase do to the size of the United States?
Why is the election of 1800 known as the Revolution of 1800?
True/False: Dem.-Reps. believed in weak state governments and an agriculture based economy
What is your favorite candy?

25. War of 1812

26. The origins of the war
Britain was engaged in a drawn out conflict with Napoleon and France
Part of the Napoleonic Wars which lasted from
Neither side could let the other gain any sort of an advantage and needed to drain the other of resources

27. Causes of the war
There were two main causes for the U.S. declaring war with Britain:
British restrictions on American trade and impressment of American sailors
British support for Tecumseh and the Indian Confederacy

28. Interference with trade
both Britain and France passed laws restricting the ability of countries to trade with the other
Britain’s laws specifically targets neutral nations ability to trade
Americans felt that their international rights were being violated, particularly by the British
America responded with the Embargo Act of 1807 which banned trade with foreign ports
Hurt both New England and southern states

29. British policy of impressment
Britain also instituted a policy of impressment, American sailors who were born in Britain were captured and forced to serve in the British navy to man its ships which angered America even more
In Britain, you cannot renounce your citizenship and it viewed Britain's who became American citizens as still British; had to serve in the navy if caught
Impressed over 9,000 individuals into service
Britain learned that several individuals had join the U.S. Navy and were serving on the USS Chesapeake
When the ship was finally found of the coast of Virginia by the HMS Leopard which fired two broadsides to get the ship to submit, killing three American sailors
Caused a huge uproar in America

30. Tecumseh and the Indian confederacy
Tecumseh, a member of the Shawnee tribe, wanted to create a confederacy to resist the westward movement of Americans and the Treaty of Fort Wayne which sold Native American land to the U.S.
Britain saw the Native Americans as potential allies in the event of war
Kept the favor of Native American tribes by providing muskets and ammunition
Frontiersmen saw British support as interfering with the Westward expansion of the U.S.
During Tecumseh’s war, his brother attacked the forces of Harrison but ended up being defeated at the Battle of Tippecanoe which ended the war
Made Harrison a hero throughout the country

31. War is declared
War was being called for by war hawks, congressmen from the South and West after learning the Britain had supplied weapons to Native Americans
Following the election of James Madison, the Dem.-Reps. Had a stronger position to pursue a more aggressive agenda against Britain
War was declared in the spring of 1812
The U.S. was unprepared for war and although it won battles against the British forces, those victories did not alter the course of the war

32. Opposition to war
Federalists, who favored strong ties with Britain, opposed war
Embargo especially hurt New England economies which were based on trade and ships
Once war was declared, some Federalists dropped their opposition to the conflict but many remained opposed
Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island refused to allow their militias to serve in the army against the British
Hartford Convention: In December 1814-January 1815 a series of meetings was held by Federalists to discuss how to fix their declining national influence

33. Hartford convention proposals
Attention was focused on Constitutional amendments which would limit Southern and Dem.-Reps. influence while expanding their own
Removing the three-fifths compromise for determining representation
Requiring a two-thirds majority in Congress to declare war, admission of a new state, or interfering with trade
Limiting Presidents to one term
Requiring each President to be from a different state than their predecessor (targeted at Virginia)
Convention had very little success – the war ended before the convention could present its term to Congress
Seriously damaged the image of the Federalist Party

34. War of 1812 War in Canada: War at Sea:
Quickly lost Detroit
Oliver Perry managed to defeat the British fleet on Lake Erie
War at Sea:
Badly outnumbered U.S. fleet scored minor victories against the British fleet but ended by being blockaded in ports by the end of the war
Part of the Chesapeake Campaign which saw the British fleet bomb Fort McHenry
On August 24, British forces entered Washington and burned the capitol and other buildings forcing the government to flee. Crushed moral of the country
Biggest victory came from Andrew Jackson and the Battle of New Orleans on January 8, 1815 in which Jackson stopped the British army from seizing New Orleans and using it to end the war
Unknown to Jackson, the war had ended with the Treaty of Ghent on Christmas Eve of 1814

36. End of the war Treaty of Ghent: ended the war
Britain and America signed a commercial agreement in 1815 which reopened trade
The Rush-Bagot agreement in 1817 limited warships on the Great Lakes
Convention of 1818 set the boundary between U.S. and British Canada at 49th parallel
The U.S. also received a claim to the Oregon Territory and saw an increased number of Americans migrate down into Florida

37. Thursday, November 6th Take Daily Quiz
Present Options speech from homework
Turn in speech
Lesson on Regional Economic Differences
What different economies began to emerge in the North and South?
Work on packet

38. Daily quiz What were the two main causes of the War of 1812?
What is impressment?
What was the name given to a group of young Senators from the South and West who wanted war?
What hero emerged from the Battle of New Orleans?
What treaty ended the war?

39. Regional economies

40. The industrial revolution
The Industrial Revolution was the change from hand tools and small-scale industries to machines and large-scale factory production
Eli Whitney was an inventor who pioneered the use of interchangeable parts in muskets; able to produce 5,000 muskets a year compare to 300 a year at other arms factories
Interchangeable parts are parts which are mass produced and could fit into any assembly regardless of where it was made
Invented the cotton gin which made it easier to separate seeds from the cotton fibers; made cotton extremely more profitable
Expansion of slavery into the deep south
Led to mass production
Use cars as an example

41. Economy of the south
Eli Whitney’s cotton gin made it easier to clean short-fiber cotton
Short-fiber is easier to grow then long-fiber
Agriculture based economy; cotton was king
Cotton requires intensive manual labor requiring an expansion of slavery
Between 1790 and 1810 the number of slaves increased from 700,000 to 1,200,000
Opposed high tariffs because it made imported goods more expensive
Could not manufacture goods

42. Cotton Gin

43. Economy of the north
Was rapidly industrialized due to the Industrial Revolution
Factory technology was brought from Britain to New England
Manufacturing based economy; mostly textile factories
Did not require physical labor so factories used female workers and children
Built railroads and canals to move goods
Erie Canal- linked the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes
Part of the American System proposed by Henry Clay
Northern states favored high tariffs to protect manufactured goods from imports

44. American system
The War of 1812 made it clear that America needed an independent economy from France and Britain
Designed by Henry Clay to unify the nation
Focused on transportation: roads, canals, eventually railroads, protective tariffs, and a new national bank
Raw materials would be shipped from the South to be manufactured in the North and then sold in the country
Made in America
National Road- first major federal highway which stretched from Maryland to Illinois
Started in 1811 and originally finished in 1818
Became a gateway for people traveling West
Erie Canal

46. Tariff of 1816
In 1815 the government announced that if revenues were not raised the deficit would expand drastically by 1816
A tariff on imported goods was suggested as the easiest way to raise revenue
Faced opposition by Southern states
John C. Calhoun of South Carolina rallied support by arguing the tariff would support national unity through independence of trade, agriculture, and manufacturing
Also that Britain had targeted American industries during the War of 1812 to cripple them

47. Second bank of the united states
Many believed that a new bank would benefit the country
One of the cornerstones was that it would guarantee and make available a single currency making it easier to do business across the country
Given a charter in 1816 for a period of 20 years
Failed to have its charter renewed for a second time

48. Monday, November 10th Turn in review packet Take daily quiz
Lesson on Nationalism
Work on study guide

49. Daily quiz
What was the name of the system designed to unite our country and thought of by Henry Clay?
What was one of the most important functions of the new Bank of the U.S.?
What was the focus of the Southern economy?
What did the cotton gin do to slavery?
What was the focus of the Northern economy?

50. Nationalism

51. Nationalism
Nationalism: a devotion to the interests and culture of one’s nation

52. Mcculloch vs. Maryland
Maryland opposed the creation of a second Bank of the United States
One of the local branches of the bank was located in Maryland so the state government decided to heavily tax that branch in hopes of making it fail
Issue: did Congress have the authority to create the bank and was the Maryland law taxing the bank unconstitutional?
Supreme Court ruled against Maryland
Congress could create the bank from the enumerated powers given to Congress in the Constitution
The tax was found unconstitutional because federal laws are supreme over states
“The power to tax is the power to destroy.” John Marshall

53. Gibbons vs. ogden Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824)
New York granted charters granting the exclusive right to operate steamboats on rivers in New York – one operator was Aaron Ogden who operated the stretch between New York and New Jersey
Thomas Gibbons began operating a steamboat service along the same area arguing he was entitled to do so under federal law. Ogden sued Gibbons to stop him
Issue: did New York violate the Constitution by giving Ogden a monopoly on steamboats between New York and New Jersey?
The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Gibbons saying the interstate commerce could only be regulated by the federal government, not states

54. Nationalism & foreign policy
Rush-Bagot Treaty and Convention of 1818
A growth of nationalism had prompted America to define its boundaries and prevent a strong military on the Great Lakes
The Rush-Bagot Treaty prevented the use of warships on the Great Lakes
Convention of 1818 defined the U.S.-Canadian border at the 49th parallel
Adams-Onis Treaty (1819)
A weakened Spain found itself unable to maintain control over its North American possessions and claims
Seceded Florida to the U.S. and gave up its claim to the Oregon Territory
Established a new boundary between the U.S. and Spanish possessions

55. Map following adams-onis treaty

56. An assertive America
Following the defeat of Napoleon, European countries were able to focus on matters outside of Europe and wanted to reclaim their former colonies in the Western Hemisphere
Russia was starting to establish trading posts in what is now California and preventing non-Russian ships from approaching
President Monroe knew something had to be done to prevent European powers from carving up the Western Hemisphere and threatening America’s security

57. Monroe doctrine
In a message to Congress in 1823, Monroe warned countries not to interfere with affairs in the Western Hemisphere, including establishing new colonies or overthrowing independent governments, and that the U.S. would consider any intrusion “dangerous to our peace and security”
Became known as the Monroe Doctrine
U.S. was not strong enough to enforce the Monroe Doctrine
Britain was the main enforcer and backer of the doctrine
Started the “Special Relationship” between the U.S. and Britain
Britain saw newly independent states in Latin America as opportunities for new trade

58. Nationalism pushes America west
Many American’s pushed West to find economic opportunities
Cheap, plentiful land
Trying to escape from debts in the East
There were also social gains to heading out west
Slaves who had escaped slavery found they could hide in the West and live with American Indians
Once a territories population reached 60,000, the people could petition Congress for entry into the Union as a state
In 1819, Missouri asked for entry, sparking a crisis

59. Missouri asks to be a state
When Missouri asked to be admitted as a state, there were eleven free and eleven slave states
Threatened the balance between free and slave states in the Senate
Prevented one side from gaining the upper hand
When the Bill was brought up before the HoR, a provision was added which would gradually phase out slavery in Missouri

60. The Missouri compromise
Henry Clay proposed a series of agreements which collectively came to be known as the Missouri Compromise
1. Missouri would be admitted as a slave state and Maine would be admitted as a free state, preserving the political balance between the two
2. The rest of the Louisiana Territory would be divided along the 36°30’N north latitude line: south of the line would be slave states while north of the line, apart from Missouri, would be free states
“This momentous question, like a fireball in the night, awakened and filled me with terror. I considered it at once as the knell of the Union. It is hushed, indeed, for the moment, But this is a reprieve only, not a final sentence.” Thomas Jefferson

61. Missouri compromise