1. Egyptian Pyramids Main purpose was for a tomb of the Pharoah

2. Cataracts Rapids along the Nile River

3. Fertile Crescent Fertile lands facing the Med. Sea Area of Tigris and Euphrates Rivers

4. Theocracy Government ruled by a religious authority

5. Hammurabi Babylonian ruler came up with strict code of laws

6. Chinese Writing People all over China could read it even if they spoke different language helped unify China

7. Mandate of Heaven It allowed new rulers to justify the overthrow of a declining dynasty

8. Confucius He believed in relationships to restore order, harmony and good government

9. Dynastic Cycle The rise and decline and replacement of dynasties

10. Daoism Ethical system along with Yin and Yang focus on natural order

11. Polis A Greek city-state

12. Acropolis The highest point a fortified hilltop where Greek citizens gathered to discuss city gov.

13. Oligarchy Government ruled by a few powerful people

14. Phalanx Greek military formation that was unstoppable

15. Hellenistic Civilization, language,art,science and literature of the Greek world. Alexandria, Egypt became the center of it

16. Peloponnesian War Athens v. Sparta

17. First Triumvirate Caesar, Crassus and Pompey after 10 years Caesar and Pompey went to war

18. Republic Form of Government where power rests with citizens who elect their leaders (Rome)

19. Diaspora Jewish dispersal

20. Buddhism It became popular b/c many people could become buddhas

21. Bantu Migrations They migrated in search of new land b/c of their growing population

22. Animism Spirits play a role in daily life

23. Olmecs Jaquar spirits, mother culture of Mesoamerica, massive stone sculptures

24. Zapotecs Monte Alban first real urban center in Americas

25. Allah Arabic “God”

26. Hijrah Migration in 622 Muhammad went from Mecca to Yathrib

27. Mosque Islamic house of worship

28. Quran Islamic holy book

29. Sunna Muhammad’s Example

30. Cyrillic Alphabet Saint Cyril and Methodius created it. Helped with Russian Culture

31. Shah Seljuk Ruler

32. Frederick I First ruler to call his lands Holy Roman Empire. Also known as Red Beard

33. Magyars Group of nomadic people who attacked from the east (Hungary). Superb horsemen who swept across Europe.

34. Fief Land granted to a vassal during the Middle Ages

35. Tournament Some knights took part in these mock battles

36. Excommunicate Banished or kicked out of the church

37. Interdict No sacraments could be performed in a banned kings land

38. Charlemagne In 800 Pope Leo III crowned him emperor. He helped spread Christianity

39. Chivalry Knights 3 obligations were earthly lord, heavenly lord and chosen lady

40. Canon Law Church Law Like marriage and baptism

41. Khanate of the Golden Horde The Mongol Empire in Russia

42. Treaty of Verdun Charlemagne’s empire to be broken into 3 parts for each of his sons

43. Lay Investiture Pope Gregory VII and Henry IV fought over who could appt. bishops

44. Ghana Islam, gold salt-trade overrun by Muslim Almoravids

45. Mali Mansa Musa, Sundiata, Ibn Battuta (historian) gold-salt trade

46. Songhai Gold-salt trade, military conquests, Sunni Ali, Askia Muhammad, (lacked modern weaponry)

47. Hausa People Savanna culture, located on important trade routes, powerful independent city- state.

48. Yoruba People Forest civilization, spoke common language, Ife and Oyo kingdoms

49. Benin Artistic, traded with the Portuguese, had an organized kingdom

50. Swahili Arabic and Bantu languages

51. Kilwa Important city-state a trading center between India and S.Africa

52. Great Enclosure In Great Zimbabwe mainly intended to impress outsiders and not for protection

53. Mutap a Means Conqueror

54. Tika l Important Mayan city- state

55. Glyphs Used for Mayan writing

56. Codex Maya used this to keep track of important historical events

57. Aztec Triple Alliance, warlike, believed Sun god needed human blood

58. Toltec Pyramids and temples, warlike, dominated central Mexico before the Aztecs

59. Tenochtitlan Aztec city, planned built on island, its exact location is unknown

60. Quetzalcoatl Feathered serpent was a god of Toltecs and Aztecs. Followers believed he would return

61. Mita Labor tribute in the Incan Empire

62. Ayllu Small Incan group used to do community work.