1. Unit 2 PP 2 Roman Expansion and the road to empire
Chapter 5 Section 2

2. Roman Expansion Rome and Carthage What and where is Carthage?
The problem

3. The 1st Punic War ( BC)
Mostly a naval conflict brought about by the Roman desire to expel a Carthaginian garrison from Sicily
Results
Treaty in which both sides promised not to attack each others allies (Carthage paid a tribute for 10 years)
Rome gains its first territory off the Italian peninsula
Sicily, Corsica, Sardinia

4. Hannibal and the 2nd Punic War
Father Hamlicar raised him in the army
At 26 he assumes command
Brought about by the Punic Empire in Spain
Carthage seized a town that was a new Roman ally causing Rome to declare war
218 BC invades Rome through the Alps with 50K men 37 elephants (2.5 months)
Lost 18K and a third of his elephants
Will need to recruit in Italy

5. Battles of The Second Punic War (218-202 BC)
Trebia River (30,000 lost)
Battle of Lake Trasamine (15,000)
Battle of Cannae: (70,000)
Publius Cornelius Scipio
204 BC Scipio lands in Africa after conquering the Punic Empire in Spain
202 BC Battle of Zama (Hannibal’s mercenaries deserted)
Carthage was made a dependent ally of Rome

6. The 3rd Punic War 146 BC
Rome decided to eliminate Carthage once and for all (Cato the Elder)
They were once again economically successful and a threat
They violated the terms of their treaty by crossing a Roman imposed frontier?
After a three year siege they completely wipe out Carthage in 146 BC
133 BC Rome controls the Mediterranean
Macedonia, Asia Minor, Africa, Spain

7. Hannibal and Scipio

8. Political, social and economic consequences of expansion
Damage to Italian farmland forced small farmers to abandon or sell their land (economic problem?)
Too many new slaves (Ironic problem?)
New foreign grain prices are lower?
Division between rich and poor became more sharp when the wealthy consolidate newly acquired land into Latifundia
Less male landowning citizens
VAST new territories (problem?)

10. The Decline of the Republic
Mass of unemployed landless men allowed for the rise of ambitious men
No trust in Senate to resolve the issues
Romans were no longer dedicated to civic duty, hard work and simplicity
Now Rome was guided by corruption, greed and personal gain

11. The Gracchus Brothers: The Republic’s last hope
Plebian brothers who became Tribunes and attempted reform in the late republic
Socialism?
Fixed grain price
Redistribute land
They were both murdered by the Senate because they were a threat

12. The Rise of Military Dictators
Marius and Sulla
Gaius Marius: elected Consul in 107 BC used the army as a tool of his ambition
Was the first to use volunteers for his army (now clients of General no longer a civic duty)
Lucius Cornelia Sulla: Began as a subordinate of Marius they began a civil war over a command in Asia Minor
Sulla wins but in the process brings his army into the city of Rome

13. The First Triumvirate Pompey, Crassus and Caesar
Pompey (Gnaeus Pompeius)
Was only 28 when he was given command of an army in Spain (77 BC)
Marcus Licinius Crassus
An ambitious Senator who gained power and fame by defeating the slave army of Spartacus in 73 BC
70 BC both of these men demanded special honor and election to Consulship
Opened the floodgates for attacks on the power of the Senate

14. The First Triumvirate Gaius Julius Caesar Noble birth (Venus?)
Allied with Crassus in the 60’s BC to gain military commands (Governor of Spain)
Upon his return he strikes up the First Triumvirate with Pompey and Crassus
Elected Consul in 59 BC and then moves on to rule Gaul for 5 years
Winds up conquering into Germany and Great Britain

15. The Rise Julius Caesar By 50 BC JC had 13 legions
After the death of Crassus in 53 BC Pompey (now sole Consul) began working against JC in Rome
The Senate cut short his appointment and asked him to return to Rome without his armies
When he crossed the Rubicon River in 49 BC he began a civil war against Pompey’s army
By 45 BC he is victorious and ruled Rome as dictator

16. The Reforms of Julius Caesar
Julian Calendar
Relocated 80,000 poor, cancelled loan payments for a year, Public works to create jobs, land to the poor and to veterans
Reorganized local government
Increased Senate to 900 (plebs, gauls etc)
Extended citizenship off the peninsula
All power was his (consul, tribune, priest, military, the courts)

17. The Death of Julius Caesar
March 15, 44 BC JC was assassinated by the Senate (Cassius and Brutus)
They had no real plan and all they created was 13 years of civil war that will lead the end of the Republic
They were jealous of Caesar and guarding the traditional powers of the Senate
Antony and rabble rousing (stop at 5 minutes)

18. ….Come I to speak in Caesar’s funeral …He was my friend, faithful and just to me: But Brutus says he was ambitious; And Brutus is an honourable man….He hath brought many captives home to Rome, Whose ransoms did the general coffers fill: Did this in Caesar seem ambitious? When that the poor have cried, Caesar hath wept: Ambition should be made of sterner stuff: Yet Brutus says he was ambitious; And Brutus is an honourable man. You all did see that on the Lupercal I thrice presented him a kingly crown, Which he did thrice refuse: was this ambition? Yet Brutus says he was ambitious; And, sure, he is an honourable man. I speak not to disprove what Brutus spoke, But here I am to speak what I do know. You all did love him once, not without cause: What cause withholds you then to mourn for him? O judgement! thou art fled to brutish beasts, And men have lost their reason….

19. The Second Triumvirate
Mark Antony, Octavian and Lepidus
Goal: To avenge the death of Caesar
They are eventually victorious in Macedonia
No real plan either split the Rome 3 ways
Lepidus (Africa)
Antony (East)
Octavian (West)

20. Antony and Cleopatra
Antony married Cleopatra in 37 BC (divorced Octavia)
Antony and Cleopatra are defeated at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC
Octavian: now controls Rome as Emperor Augustus (the first Emperor of the Roman Empire)

21. (Octavian) Augustus 31BC-14AD
27BC receives the title of Augustus, Princeps, imperator
From this point on he is considered emperor
Begins the Pax Romana 31BC-180AD

22. The Reforms of Augustus
Kept the Republican constitution (relationship with the Senate? Dignitas?)
Thought of himself as first citizen of the Republic
Revived Roman morality (Fides, Pietas, Gravitas)
Police and Fire departments
Public Works
Postal service, local government given more authority
Strong control and reorganization of the army
Praetorian Guard created
Census for entire empire

23. Tiberius 14-37 AD Married to Augustus's daughter Julia
Came to power when Augustus’s two grandsons Gaius and Lucius died early

25. Gaius (Caligula) or “Bootsie” 37-41AD
Grandson of Augustus
Only surviving son of Germanicus
Tiberius killed or exiled his entire family
Co-Emperor with Gemellus (until he killed him)

26. Caligula’s weirdness Why? Living god? Incest with Drusila Statues
Horse as a Consul/Senator?
Killed by his own guard

27. Claudius 41-54AD Brother of Germanicus
Never supposed to rule (problems)
Raised to the throne by the Praetorians
Accomplishments
Conquered and occupied Great Britain
2 children and one stepson (Nero)
Poisoned by his wife Agrippina (Nero’s Mom)

28. Nero (54-68AD) Emperor at 16 Murder (who) The arts Fire/Christians
Final words!
Fire/Christians
The End of Nero

29. The Flavian Dynasty (The Military Emperors)
After Nero 4 Emperors in one year (68-69AD) before the Flavians take over
Vespasian (69-81AD)
Designed the coliseum
Successful general
Titus
Completed construction of the (“Flavian Amphitheater”)

30. The Good Emperors The Adoptive system more widely used
Trajan (98-117AD)
Spanish, expands empire to its greatest extent
Hadrian ( AD)
Codified Roman law (same for all provinces)
Defensive wall in G.B. 73 miles long
Marcus Aurelius ( AD)
Last of the good emperors (“Philosopher King”)
Spent most of his time fighting Germans
His son Commodus begins the decline of the empire