1. ACHIEVING SUSTAINABILITY Unit 3-2a Understanding Energy

2. Our Planet’s Energy Resources Energy – The ability to do work or cause a change Potential Energy – Stored Energy Ex: chemical, nuclear, mechanical Kinetic Energy – Energy in Motion Ex: electrical, thermal, mechanical Law of Conservation of Energy – Energy can be converted from one form to another but it cannot be created or destroyed! Describe the energy conversion that occurs in the sun… Nuclear to Thermal and Radiant!

3. Where Do We Get Most Of Our Energy? Fossil Fuels – The remains of ancient organisms; Ex: Petroleum (Oil), Coal, and Natural Gas Fossil fuels & nuclear power make up 94% of our energy needs and are considered Non-Renewable because they’re used quicker than they are replenished. Only 6% of our current energy resources are renewable.

4. Our Planet’s Petroleum Supply We use ~25 billion gallons of oil per year. We have ~900 billion gallons remaining on Earth. That means we have less than 40 years of petroleum remaining at our current consumption rate. Petroleum provides us with fuels; Ex: Gasoline, Diesel, Heating Oil And many other products; Ex: Plastic, Fertilizers, Fabrics and Construction Materials Can we imagine life without these things?

5. What Are Our Options? To save our oil supplies, we could… Use less – Hybrid cars get much better gas mileage Increase taxes – The US has very low gas prices Find alternative resources – Corn-based products are becoming more common Wal-Mart uses millions of these containers each year and might lead the way for other companies as well. World Oil Reserves

6. Here's what a gallon of gas goes for in the 34 cities around the world that AIRINC surveyed (As of June 30, 2010) : 1. Asmara, Eritrea | $9.59 2. Oslo, Norway | $7.41 3. Copenhagen, Denmark | $6.89 4. Hong Kong | $6.87 5. Berlin, Germany, and Monaco, Monte Carlo | $6.82 6. London, U.K. | $6.60 7. Rome, Italy | $6.44 8. Paris, France | $6.04 9. Sao Paulo, Brazil | $5.69 10. Seoul, Korea | $5.55 11. Tokyo, Japan | $5.40 12. Singapore, Singapore | $4.81 13. Nairobi, Kenya | $4.31 14. Mumbai, India | $4.25 15. Santiago, Chile | $4.18 16. Johannesburg, South Africa | $4.05 18. Toronto, Canada | $3.81 19. Beijing, China | $3.71 20. Bangkok, Thailand | $3.64 21. Buenos Aires, Argentina | $3.58 22. Havana, Cuba | $3.64 23. Karachi, Pakistan | $3.02 24. New York, U.S. | $2.85 25. Moscow, Russia | $2.80 26. Mexico City, Mexico | $2.45 27. Lagos, Nigeria $1.62 28. Dubai City, United Arab Emirates $1.57 29. Cairo, Egypt | $1.17 30. Kuwait, City, Kuwait | 85 cents 31. Riyadh, Saudi Arabia | 45 cents 32. Tehran, Iran | 32 cents 33. Caracas, Venezuela | 6 cents

7. Let’s Review… What have you learned in this unit? 1.Describe the difference between potential and kinetic energy. 2.Describe three different types of fossil fuels. 3.How much of our energy comes from renewable resources? 4.List three fuel & three non-fuel products made from petroleum. 5.How can we conserve our petroleum resources?

8. ACHIEVING SUSTAINABILITY Unit 3-2b Non-Renewable Energy

9. Why Do We Need So Much Fuel? There are five main uses for fuel Cooking Transportation Manufacturing Heating & Cooling Making Electricity What are our primary energy needs and how long can we rely on nonrenewable energy sources?

10. How Do We Make Electricity? Generator – Converts mechanical energy to electricity using magnets and an iron core All you need is something to turn the wheel… But it takes a lot of turning to power all of our favorite electrical devices! We need powerful fuels (typically coal) which create steam that turns the turbine and generator. What are some of the problems with using coal?

11. How Do We Make Electricity?

12. Cleaner? But Deadly! Natural Gas – The fuel, mostly methane, used in homes for cooking and heating. Pollutes little but creates CO 2 and carbon monoxide! Another fuel option is… Nuclear Fission – Power plants split uranium atoms to create energy for boiling water These are both dangerous due to pollutants, storage and transportation issues. Nuclear energy is VERY expensive! Nuclear Fusion – Combines atoms without any pollutants but we may never safely attain the power of the sun!

13. Your Carbon Footprint Carbon Footprint – Measures the total amount of carbon released through the impact of human activities. How much carbon is released so one person can buy a CD? Imagine all the energy needed to… Record the CD Create the CD Deliver the CD Run the store that sells the CD Get you to the store to buy the CD And then the energy to play the CD on your music device. Imagine the energy needed for everything you purchase!

14. Let’s Review… What have you learned in this unit? 1.List four reasons that we use fossil fuel energy. 2.How does a generator work? 3.Why are fossil fuels so commonly used for energy? 4.List two important disadvantages to using fossil fuels. 5.Compare and contrast nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.

15. REDUCING OUR FOOTPRINT Unit 3-2c Renewable Energy

16. Energy from sources that are constantly being formed Types – solar, wind, hydroelectric (water), geothermal and biomass FYI: In 2009, the U.S. was the world's largest producer of electricity from geothermal, solar and wind power but Europe plans to reach 20% of its total energy use from renewables by this year!

17. Power from Outer Space What is the source of all energy on Earth? The Sun! How can we use the sun’s energy? Passive & Active Solar Heating – Uses heat from the sun to heat homes and water tanks Photovoltaics – Cells that change solar energy into electricity (solar panels) Pros: ample energy for all our needs, available almost everywhere Cons: Cost of solar panels is high and we need many to meet our current needs Where have you seen these producing clean energy?

18. Power from Outer Space Wind Power – Wind turbines are the world’s fastest growing energy source Pros – cost effective – lots of energy for the $; farmland can easily include turbines Cons – Getting the energy from where it’s produced to where it’s needed Where is the best place to build a wind farm in NJ? Approved: 127 miles of wind turbines along Jersey coast!

19. Power from Life On Earth Photosynthesis stores the sun’s energy in the form of… Biomass Fuel – Pro: Renewable organic energy sources Wood & Dung – Commonly used in developing countriesfor heating and cooking Methane – When it’s created by microorganisms Ethanol – Typically blended with fossil fuels to increase efficiency & reduce pollution Cons: These create pollution & reduce current resources!

20. Power from the Earth There is a tremendous amount of energy all around us. Just look at the power of Mother Nature! Hydropower – Dams where water turns turbines Cons – destroys habitats, farmland and even homes Geothermal Power – Heat from the Earth’s core can boil water. That water/steam can be pumped to the surface to heat or power turbines. US is #1! Also Philippines, Iceland, Japan, Mexico, Italy and NZ Pro: How much pollution is created from these sources?

21. Why Not Now? These renewable sources of energy are all viable but… There are three major issues with renewable energy These energy sources are not found across the globe The energy produced is minimal compared to the amount that is needed Fossil fuels are still very profitable However, as the environment deteriorates, our dependence on foreign energy grows, and new technologies continue to improve, these sources will become more common.

22. Alternative Energy - Other Ideas with Promise for the Future! Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion – warm surface water boils water under low pressure to turn the turbine Pros?Cons? Fuel Cells- hydrogen gas H 2 + O 2  heat +H 2 0 Burning H 2 turns the turbine Pros?Cons? Tidal Power – water moves between high and low tide and turns turbines in a dam Pros? Cons?

23. Other Ideas with Promise! Efficiency – hybrid cars – use an efficient gas engine and an electric motor Cogeneration - producing two useful forms of energy from one source No Cons! Conservation – ANYTHING you can do to use less of ANY resource Example: People Power – bike sharing programs: DC, Denver, Portland, Chicago, Paris, London and more in the works! Cogeneration

24. Let’s Review… What have you learned in this unit? 1.Describe three types of renewable energy from the sun. 2.Which three types of renewable energy don’t create pollution? 3.Which three types of renewable energy create air pollution? 4.How does a hybrid car work? 5.What can you and your family do to conserve energy?