1. Sound Phonetics & Phonology

2. General considerations Speech sounds and sounds that convey meaning Their patterns Sound change

3. Phonetics The study of how speech sounds are made, transmitted and received

4. Vocal organs The lungs and windpipe/trachea Larynx and vocal cords Vocal tract/cavity: oral tract vs. nasal tract Upper lip/teeth, alveolar ridge, hard/soft palate, uvular and pharynx Lower lip/teeth and the tip/blade/front/center/ back/root of the tongue

5. Consonants Airstream being obstructed in some way Voicing Places of articulation Manners of articulation Compare: vie, phi, buy, my

6. Places of articulation bilabial: pie/buy/my labiodental: five/vie dental: thigh/thy alveolar: tie/die/nigh/sigh/zeal/lie retroflex: rye palato-alveolar: shy palatal: you velar: hack/hag/hang Compare: fee, theme, see, she wing, win, whim

7. plosive: my/nigh vs. pie/tie/guy (nasal vs. oral) frictive: five/vie/sigh/zoo/thigh/thy/shy approximant: yacht/we/raw lateral: lay/ale affricate: church/judge [s] in sing: voiceless, alveolar frictive [N] in sing: voiced, velar, nasal stop Manners of articulation

8. The height of the body of the tongue The front-back position of the tongue The degree of lip rounding Vowels

9. Assimilation Regressive right place[p] good morning[b] one cup cf bank[N] have to[f] Progressive cats[s] dogs[z]

10. CV continuum & syllabics More/less vowel/consonant-like Vowels Consonants [m][n][l] button[bQtn] Little[litl]

11. Weak forms black and white[En] but why not[bEt] as good as gold[Ez] better than not[TEn] Did he win[i] How do they know[dE](before consonants) to stay or to go[tE] I need some paper[sEm] The men have gone[Ev](not after pronouns)

12. Suprasegmentals Stress (and rhythm) It was an accident. cheaper fares – cheap affairs Give it to John. How did you manage to be there in time? Pitch/Intonation He was in an appalling bad temper. Length: bed – beat cf big – wish

13. which sounds occur e.g. *xoda - poda what their distribution is e.g. *ngatus – singer/sing how they can be combined e.g. *bnick - blick how they might be realized differently in different positions e.g blocks – boards - mattresses Phonology

14. Properties of phonology Abstract Universal Modular Hierarchical e.g. 1a. electric – electricity [k] [s] b. kick −/→ sick 2a. cats – dogs – matches b. Abner

15. Phones, minimal pair, phonemes and allophones (allo)phones phonemes meat – neat[m,n]/m,n/ buy – pie[b,p h ] /b,p/ pie – spy[p h,p] Phonological rules: a b / c_d e.g. p h p / s_

16. Grouping sounds into phonemes Complementary distribution Free variation Phonetic similarity e.g. shoe - she cup

17. Phonological structure prosodic words metric feet syllables segments features

18.  O R O R N C N C b C t k l P m p O = onset ( 首音 ) N = nucleus ( 音节核 ) R = rime ( 韵 ) C = coda ( 音节尾 ) Syllable structure

19. Rhyme and alliteration syllable rime Onset nucleus coda brand [br A nd] bridge [b i dV] ridge [r i dV]

20. 1a. palptread on b. palpatreading on c. papt’ato tread on     p a l p a p a p t’ a Alternation: insertion or deletion

21. vowel > liquid/glide/nasal > affricate/frictive/stop 1a. *bnick b. *kibn c. lab-network d. drabness e. Abner 2a. bloat – clam(C 1 C 2 V…) b. spring/split(C 1 C 2 C 3 V…) 3a. lent/belt/lift/mist/apt(…VC 1 C 2 ) b. text(…VC 1 C 2 C 3 ) Sequencing: sonority hierarchy

22. Stress and syllabification 1a. attack – attic(C)V$CV b. below – bellow cf tapper – taper 2a. apply (C)VCCV(C) b. Abner

23. Universals & constraints CVC vs. CV V vs. CV Syllable structure markedness constraints N UC Syllables must have a nucleaus O NSET Syllables must have an onset N O C ODA Codas are not allowed Input/output constraints *A DD Don’t add material to the input *D ELETE Don’t delete material from the input

24. banana

25. test

26. Subsegmental structure Distinctive features e.g. /p/ - /b/(voicing) /p/ - /g/(voicing+place) /p/ - /z/(voicing+place+manner) Features Binary[±sonorant] Privative[±nasal] Multivalued[±high]

27. Feature matrices b i l

28. Timing: deletion or compensa- tory lengthening 1a. /kosmis/[ko:mis]courteous b. /kasnus/[ka:nus]gray c. /fideslia/[fide:lia]pot 2a. /smereo:/[merio:]deserve b. /snurus/[nurus]daughter-in-law

29. Summary Surface phonetic representations (output) Constraints/rules Underlying phonemic representations (input)