1. Psychology 100:11 Chapter 11: Part II Development

2. Outline Socialization Parenting styles Cognitive development Piaget Information Processing Language acquisition Study Questions: Describe Piaget’s stages of cognitive (mental) development

3. Quiz 1

5. Development Socialization: Parenting styles –Securely attached babies-> Moms respond quickly –Attachment to dads >Approximately the same time as attachment to moms >Develops differently  Moms: Comfort  Dads: Play

6. Development Socialization: Parenting styles –Parenting styles >Autocratic (Authoritarian): Abide by strict standards >Permissive: Parents do not assert their authority >Authoritative-reciprocal: Parents exercise their power and accept obligation to respond to child’s point of view >Cause and effect in parenting styles and children’s behaviour.  Socialization is a two way street

7. Piaget’s stages of development –Sensorimotor stage (Birth to 2 yrs) >Internalize schemes of action. >Object Permanence: understanding that objects exists even though it can no longer be seen.  Objects become assimilated into schemes  Simple hiding (9 months)  Changing hiding place Development Jean Piaget

8. Development Piaget’s stages of development –Preoperational stage (2 to 7 yrs) >Egocentrism >No conservation of quantity. >Do not appreciate change >Moves away from the here and now –Concrete operational stage (7 to 12 yrs) >Conservation of number, mass, volume, and weight >Schemes involve operations performed on objects >Ends egocentricism >Understands categorization and classification Development Jean Piaget

9. Development Jean Piaget Piaget’s stages of development – Formal operational stage (12 yrs - ) >Ability to think in the abstract >hypothetico-deductive reasoning  E.g., Mixing colourless liquids  School curriculum

10. Development Challenges to Piaget’s theory –Problems with object permanence studies > Selective looking and habituation studies –Problems with conservation studies > Mehler & Bever’s (1967) M&Ms study Development

11. Challenges to Piaget’s theory –Problems with egocentricism > Development of a “theory of mind” (TOM) >The Sally/Anne problem  Solved by four years age  Simpler forms of TOM appear earlier Lying

12. Development Information processing approach –Development of the components of info processing >Memory stores >Control Processes (e.g., attention) >Acquisition of processing rules  Example: “M-space” (R. Case) Increasing Capacity/Speed in STM Importance of working memory storage Pascual-Leone’s hypothesis Digit span development Development

13. Which Way will it tilt? Development Information processing approach – Acquiring Specific Rules > Balancing Problem > Weight and Distance Problems > Four rules people follow 1) Only Weight 2) Weight unless equal - then use distance 3) Both weight and distance, unless in conflict - then guess 4) weight X Distance Development

14. Lev Vygotsky –Additional emphasis on interaction with the social world –Cultural context to cognitive development Americans -> “American Mind”; Russians -> “Russian Mind” –Challenged Piaget’s notion of egocentric speech >Piaget -> interaction with the physical world >Vygotsky -> interaction with the social world Development Lev Vygotsky

15. Language acquisition in children –Perception of speech sounds by infants >Newborn:  Startle response to loud noise  Orients head towards sound  Calmed by human voice  Prefers mother voice over stranger  Can discriminate between many speech sounds. >1-2 months:  Smiles when spoken to >3-7months:  Responds differently to different intonations Language

16. Language acquisition in children –Perception of speech sounds by infants >8-12 mo  Responds to name  Responds to ‘no’  Recognizes phrases (Peekaboo, patty cakes, etc.)  Recognizes some words (bye-bye, bottle, Elmo, etc.) Language

17. Language acquisition in children –Prespeech period and first words >Newborn: Crying >1-2 months: Cooing >6 months: Babbling >10 - 12 mo: Nonreduplicative babbling >12 mo: First words - dada, baw-baw  Protowords- Kii, brrrr, caw

18. Language acquisition in children –The two-word stage >18-24 mos:  Da-da bye-bye, laa laa ball, kiit door –Acquisition of adult rules of grammar >Inflections: -ing, -s, -ed >Function words: to, of, in, on, etc. >Overextension: e.g., snow -> kii >Underextension: e.g., Kitty -> only “Puddin Head” >Overregularization: Daddy goed to work. Language