1. First 2 years Cognitive Development
How does a baby & toddler begin thinking?

3. What are Piaget’s Stages of development?
Sensorimotor stage (Infancy)
Preoperational stage
Concrete operation stage
Formal operations stage (Adult)

4. What is Piaget’s sensorimotor stage of cognitive development?
Primary reactions (Reflexes and habits)
Stage 1 (Birth – 1 month)
Reflexes
Stage 2 (1-4 months)
Adapting to new items (e.g. breast to pacifier)
Secondary reactions (Responds to other people)
Stage 3 (4-8 moths)
Making interesting interactions last
Stage 4 (8-12 months)
Anticipates interaction (e.g. putting Mother’s hands together to play)
Tertiary Reactions (Acts independently)
Stage 5 (1 – 1½ years)
“Little scientist” experimenting
Stage 6 ( 1½ - 2 years)
Considers consequences

5. What is sensorimotor Intelligence?
Learned through the senses
Circular reaction
Sensation – perception – cognition cycle around and around

6. Primary reaction Stage 1 ( Reflexes) (Birth – one month)
Responding to own body (e.g. stepping reflex)
Stage 2 (Habits) (1-4 months)
Adapting reflexes to new situations
(Acquired adaptation)
E.g. Sucking from mom’s nipple to bottle to pacifier
A sign baby is thinking

7. Secondary reaction Responding to other people & objects
Stage 3 (Continuing interaction)
4-8 months
Making interesting sights last
E.g. clapping hands for “patty-cake”
8 Mos. Understanding object permanence
Stage 4 ( Starting interaction)
8mos. – 1 year
Infant has goals
Initiates and anticipates
Initiates
E.g. Patty-cake
Anticipates
E.g. Running from an unwanted bath

8. Tertiary reaction Stage 5 (Acts independently - Experimenting)
1-1½ years
Active experimenting
“Little scientist”
Stage 6 (Thought before action)
1½ - 2 years
Thinks about consequences
E.g. Toilet overflowed last time
Mommy was mad at squeezing toothpaste
Deferred imitation
Copying behavior they saw earlier

9. Do you remember?
What are the major differences between primary, secondary, and tertiary reactions?
What is the concept of “object permanence”?
At what level of reaction will children begin experimenting?
What is this behavior called?

10. How do children process information?

11. What are “affordances”
Opportunities to interact with people and things afforded by the environment
Visual Cliff
Based on experience
6 month will go over cliff
10 Month will refuse

12. What do babies perceive?
Movement
Dynamic Perception
Infant focusing on the chasing things that move
E.g. A mobile spinning overhead, or a moving ball
People preference
Preference for looking at faces
Recognizing caregivers

13. What types of memories do children have?
Implicit
Hidden
Unconscious habits, emotions, procedures
Crying
Learning to move mobile
Explicit
Usually verbal
Recalled on demand
Words, data, concepts
Reminders help

14. Do you remember? What is the visual cliff?
When will children refuse to cross it?
What is an example of dynamic perception?

15. Language

16. What is the universal sequence of learning language?
Reflexes, cooing, babbling, spoken words
All babies, regardless of native language follow this sequence
Listening & Responding
Babbling
E.g. ma-ma-ma, da-da-da
All babies, regardless of native language or deafness
Holophrase
One word = phrase
E.g. More, cookie, Dada!
Naming explosion
Nouns
Grammar

17. What are the theories of language?
1. Learning theory
2. Social Pragmatic
3. Innate
4. Hybrid

18. 1. Learning theory Based on B.F. Skinner Reinforcement
E.g. Parents talking to children

19. 2. Social Pragmatic
Needed for communication
Parents
Outside world

20. 3. Innate
Noam Chomsky
Children have an inborn ability to learn language
E.g. Grammar
Hypothesized a Language Acquisition Device (LAD) in the brain.
Enables universal inborn ability to learn language
Language in general is experience-expectant
Words are expected by the developing brain
Specific language is experience-dependent

21. 4. Hybrid Combination of the other three
Multiple cues contribute to learning language

22. Do you remember? What is the universal sequence of learning language?
What is an example of a holophrase?
What is the concept of the “Learning Acquisition Device” in the brain?