1. Gender and Sexuality

2. GENDER:
Describes the psychological and social meaning added to being a man or woman. Masculine Feminine

3. SEX: Classification based on our anatomy or genetics.
Male Intersex Female
Biological sex is not always obvious and people can be born with physical characteristics of both sexes. These people are considered intersex.
Intersex conditions are not always visible at birth and may not be noticed until puberty (when hormones produce unexpected changes) or during unrelated medical procedures.

4. Sex is what is between your legs.
IN OTHER WORDS. . .
Sex is what is between your legs.
Gender is what is between your ears.

5. GENDER IDENTITY:
One’s internal and psychological sense of oneself as male or female, or both or neither, regardless of sexual orientation.
There are some people who question their gender identity and may feel unsure of their gender or believe they are not of the same gender as their biological sex or physical body.

6. GENDER IDENTITY IS NOT THE SAME AS SEXUAL ORIENTATION:
Sexual orientation is determined by a pattern of romantic, sexual, and emotional attractions felt by an individual toward members of the same sex, the opposite sex, or all sexes.
Who do you love?
Who are you attracted to?
Who do you care for?

7. TYPES OF GENDER IDENTITY:
Maleness/Masculine
Femaleness/Feminine
Two-Spirited- an Aboriginal term for an individual who possesses both male and female spirits, and is thus neither male nor female
Transgendered- a person who challenges strict gender norms (may be transsexual, biologically Intersexed, etc.)
Third Gender- individuals who are categorized as neither male nor female (by their own will or social consensus); term also used in societies who recognize more than two genders
Androgyny- a term that refers to a combination of masculine and feminine characteristics

8. TRANSGENDER
A person whose gender identity does not match their birth sex.
Some transgender people present as either male or female, while others present as a third gender, neither male nor female. 8

9. SOCIETIES WHO RECOGNIZE MORE THAN 2 GENDERS?
North American First Nations Culture- “Two- Spirited” (translation of indigenous terms denote “one who is transformed” or “one who changes”
South Asian Culture- “Hijras” (physiological males with feminine gender identity, roles)
Hawaiian/Polynesian Culture- “Mahu” (biological male who takes on work and dress of a woman)

10. BERDACHE or TWO-SPIRIT10

11. HIJRA 11

12. Gender-Role Standards and Stereotypes
Gender socialization begins at birth:
Parents have a role in socializing gender: Dress boys and girls differently, select toys based on gender, and often react negatively if they behave in ways they think are gender inappropriate.
Gender stereotypes
Males: controlling, dominant, independent, controlling and manipulating the environment; assertive, dominant, competitive.
Females: relatively passive, loving, sensitive, and supportive in social relationships, especially in their family roles as wife and mother.
Warmth in personal relationships, the display of anxiety under pressure, and the suppression of overt aggression and sexuality as more appropriate for women than men.

13. TYPES OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION:
Heterosexual: attracted to individuals of the opposite sex (straight)
Homosexual: attracted to individuals of the same sex (gay, lesbian)
Bisexual: attracted to both sexes
Queer: attracted to the same or both sexes and/or transgendered individuals
Asexual: not experiencing sexual attractions

14. Gender stratification describes an unequal distribution of rewards (socially valued resources, power, prestige, and personal freedom) between men and women, reflecting their different positions in social hierarchy.
Gender roles are the tasks and activities that a culture assigns to the sexes.
Gender stereotypes are oversimplified but strongly held ideas of the characteristics of men and women.

15. Theories of sex-based stratification
Symbolic interactionism- gender is socially constructed;
physical, biological differences come to be regarded as symbols that differentiate rights and rewards in society
Gender is not intrinsically related to sex
Humans have agency to influence the society around them
“Doing” gender is an option

16. functionalist theory- each sex has a role to play in the interdependent groups and institutions of society
As societies organize, roles and relationships change
Mechanical solidarity
Organic solidarity
Complimentary roles are necessary for efficiency in society
Expressive
Instrumental

17. Conflict theory- by keeping women in subordinate roles, men ensure that they control the means of production and protect their privileges
Men will not voluntarily give up their current beneficial positions of power

18. Feminist theory- patriarchy is the cause of women’s oppression
Patriarchy- a few men dominate and hold authority over all others, including women, children, and less powerful men
Class, race, and gender intersect in a way that privileges some women over others, though most women are still subordinate to most men

19. GENDER ROLE: The roles that men and women adopt.
It is a collection of attitudes and behaviours that are considered normal and appropriate in a specific culture for a particular sex.
It can also be defined as how we communicate our gender to others.

21. DIVERSITY: INCLUSION:
Belief that differences among people are accepted and celebrated rather than viewed as sources of separation.
INCLUSION:
Belief that everyone, regardless of race, culture, religion, gender, language, disability, sexual orientation, or any other attribute is included as part of the whole.

22. SEXUAL IDENTITY:
All living things appear in nature with a wide range of naturally occurring variations. Humans vary in skin colour, hair colour, height, etc.
Just as we would expect to see people with red hair, blue eyes, or who are left-handed, it is also normal to expect to see a wide range of diversity with the spectrum of human sexual identity.
Studies are finding that our sexual identity is developed from any number of influences before, during, and after birth.
Four distinct and fluid characteristics shape how we think about ourselves and how we relate to others as sexual beings.

23. Gender-Role Standards and Stereotypes
Some recent findings
Older, less educated women: stereotypicalEducation differences: In the US, females and college-educated women age are more likely than older or less educated women to perceive female role as more assertive, independent, and achievement-striving.

24. Gender-Role Standards and Stereotypes
Some recent findings
Sex differences: Men are more likely to have traditional gender stereotypes than women, especially if they are the sole wage earner in the family. Fathers are more concerned that their children maintain behaviors appropriate to their gender; fathers play a more important role than mothers in children's gender stereotyping.

25. Gender-Role Standards and Stereotypes
Some recent findings
Age differences: Young children are especially rigid in gender stereotyping; children between ages 3-6 are more gender stereotypes than adults. This reflects a general tendency for young children to have rigid, absolutist sense of rules. (This is also the case in moral reasoning where young children allow no exceptions to rules like "stealing is bad.")

26. Gender differences (Table 13-1, p. 556-557.)
Social Sex Differences:
Boys more aggressive, especially physical aggression and direct verbal assault. (Girls use indirect forms of aggression such as exclusion, negative gossip.)
Boys more into risk-taking and sensation seeking as well as curiosity and exploratory behavior; boys attracted to physically dangerous occupations
Girls more compliant with demands of parents and teachers. (Conscientiousness)
No sex differences in attachment classification. However, Girls more nurturant and dependent. (Affectional System) Infant girls more attracted to faces and may recognize mother's face earlier.
Girls more fearful of possible personal threats and dangers. No sex differences for social phobias, or possibly more common among boys.

27. STATISTICS:
LGBT students hear anti-gay slurs an average of 26 times each day.
26% of LGBT youth are told to leave home.
LGBT youth are more likely to become homeless.
30% of all suicides are LGBT.
43% of trans-identified persons attempt suicide.

28. TYPES OF DISCRIMINATION: HETEROSEXISM-
The belief or assumption that everyone is heterosexual and that heterosexuality is the only “right” and “natural” sexual orientation
Heterosexuality is superior to homosexuality
It results in the invisibility of anyone who doesn’t fit into the heterosexual norm