1. Southern Colonies Chapter 3, Lesson 4
Forgive me… These are the longest notes yet… like… really long… No really, its REALLY long… 44 Slides ;_;

2. Coming to America
By 1660, tobacco prices fell, large plantations prospered because they were able to maintain higher profits better than small farms.
As plantations grew, the needing workers increased in the newly settled Southern Colonies.
Establishing colonies was no easy process.
Settlers had to clear the land, construct homes and churches, plant crops, and tend the fields.
This too results in the need for more capable workers.
Not everyone who came to work in the colonies came of their own free will.

3. Coming to America
Not everyone who came to work in the colonies came of their own free will.
English criminals and Scottish and Irish prisoners of war were brought to the colonies.
They could eventually earn their release after a set time (usually seven years).
Colonist often complained that their settlements became a dumping ground for “His Majesty’s seven-year passengers”
African rulers also took prisoners during wars and raids.
Would sell them to European slave traders who took them to the colonies.

4. Coming to America Many others came to America as indentured servants.
These were people who agreed to work without pay for a certain period of time in exchange for their passage to America.

5. Establishing Maryland
Maryland came about thanks to the dreams of Sir George Calvert, Lord Baltimore, a Catholic.
He hoped to create a safe place for his fellow Catholics who were being persecuted.
BUT ALSO HE WANTED MONEY (thought the colony would bring him a fortune!
His dream comes true when King Charles I gave him a proprietary colony North of Virginia.
However, he dies before receiving this grant and his son, Cecilius Calvert inherited the Colony.

6. Establishing Maryland
It was named Maryland possbily after the English Queen Henrietta Maria, or after the Virgin Mary.
The Cecilius, the new Lord Baltimore never lived in Maryland.
He instead sends two of his brothers to run the colony.
They arrive with 200 settlers on two ships in 1634.
They sailed up the Potomac River through the fertile countryside and eventually settle a site they named, St. Marys.

7. Establishing Maryland
Knowing that tobacco was the crop that saved Virginia, they too begin to plant it.
However, to keep the company from becoming to dependent on it, Maryland declared a law that, “every person planting tobacco shall plant and tend two acres of corn.”
Additionally, wheat, fruit, vegetables, and livestock were produced.
Baltimore, founded 1729, was Maryland’s port.
Before they knew it Baltimore became the colonies largest settlement.

8. Sir George Calvert,
First Lord Baltimore
Cecilus Calvert,
Second Lord Baltimore

9. Aristocrats and Farmers
Lord Baltimore gave large estates to his relatives and other English Aristocrats.
This ends up creating a wealthy and powerful class of landowners in Maryland.
He promised 100 acres of land to each male settler, another 100 for his wife, 100 for each servant, and 50 for each of his children.
The intention was to get people to work the land and will eventually result in importing indentured servants and enslaved Africans.

10. The Mason-Dixon Line
For years, the Calvert family and the Penn family argued over the boundary between Maryland and Pennsylvania.
They end up hiring two British astronomers in the 1760’s to map out the line dividing the two colonies. (Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon.)
They used stones to be the boundary line.
One side of the stone had the Penn Family Crest and the other side had the Calvert Family Crest.

11. The Mason-Dixon Line
Another conflict was that the Calverts had welcomed protestants as well as Catholics in Maryland.
Protestant settlers outnumbered the Catholics from the start.

12. Act of Toleration
To protect Catholics from any attempt to make Maryland a Protestant colony, Baltimore passed a law called the Act of Toleration in 1649.
Granted Protestants and Catholics the right to worship freely, but tension would continue between them.
In 1692, with help from the English government, The Protestant controlled assembly made the Anglican Church the official church in Maryland.
It also imposed the same restrictions on Catholics than existed in England.

13. Virginia Expands
Virginia continued to grow as other colonies were being founded.
Wealthy tobacco planters held the best land by the coast, so new settlers had to move further inland.
This of course means moving onto Native American lands.
In 1640, to avoid any conflict, Virginia’s governor William Berkeley, told the Natives that if they received a large piece of land, he’ll stop settlers from moving in further west into their lands.

14. William Berkeley,
Virginia’s Governor

15. Bacon’s Rebellion
Nathaniel Bacon was a wealthy young planter as well as a leader in the western part of Virginia.
Opposed the colonial government because it was dominated by easterners.
They did not like Berkeley’s pledge to stay out of the land and would settle in the forbidden land anyway.
They then would blame the government from not protecting them from Native American raids.
Bacon would lead the westerners in attacks on Native American villages.

16. Bacon’s Rebellion
Berkeley declared, “the greatest rebel that ever was in Virginia.”
His army would then march up to Jamestown, set fire to the capital, and drove Berkeley into exile.
His sudden illness and death were the only thing keeping him from taking charge of Virginia.
England then recalled Berkeley and sent troops to restore order.
Bacon’s Rebellion showed that colonist were not going to be restricted to the coast.
The colonial government created a militia to control the Native Americans and opened up more land to settlements.

17. Nathaniel Bacon

18. Settling the Carolinas
In 1663 King Charles II created a large proprietary colony south of Virginia.
It was named Carolina, which means “Charles’ land” in Latin.
The land was given to eight prominent members of his court who helped him regain the throne.
The Carolina proprietors carved out large estates for themselves and hoped to make money by selling and renting the land out.
They provided money to bring colonists over from England.

19. Settling the Carolinas
Settlers began arriving in 1670.
By 1680, they had founded the city of Charles Town after the king.
It would later become known as Charleston.
John Locke, (remember him?) wrote a constitution for the Carolina colony.
This constitution (plan of government) covered land distribution and social ranking.
He was also concerned with principles and rights arguing,
“every man has a property in his own person. This nobody has any right to but himself. The labour of his body, and the work of his hands, we may say, are properly his…”

20. Settling the Carolinas
Carolina did not develop to plan.
The people of northern and southern Carolina soon went on to create two separate colonies.
John Lock,
English Philosopher

21. Northern and Southern Carolina
The northern part of Carolina relied on tobacco and forest products such as timber and tar.
They relied on Virginia’s ports and merchants to conduct trade.
They were mostly settlers from Virginia’s back country.
The southern part was more prosperous.
It had fertile farmland and a good harbor in Charles Town.
Settlements spread and traded deerskin, lumber and beef.
Also soon realized that rice grew well in the wet coastal lowlands and would become the colonies leading crop.

22. Northern and Southern Carolina
In the 1740’s, Eliza Lucas developed another important crop known as indigo.
It was a blue flowering plant used to dye textiles.
She experimented with seeds from the West Indies.
It became known as the “blue gold” of Carolina.

23. Carolina’s “blue gold”
Indigo,
Carolina’s “blue gold”
Eliza Lucas

24. Slave Labor in the Carolinas
Most settlers of South Carolina actually came from another English Colony Barbados in the West Indies.
In Barbados colonist used enslaved Africans to produce sugar and brought these workers with them.
Many of these slaves would end up working in the rice fields.
Some were knowledgeable because they came from rice-growing areas in Africa.
Growing rice required much labor and so the need for slaves increased.
By 1708, more than half of southern Carolina’s population were slaves.

25. Slave Labor in the Carolinas
By the early 1700’s, Carolina’s settlers were upset at the proprietors.
They wanted a stronger role in the colony’s government.
In 1719, the settlers of Southern Carolina seized control from the proprietors.
10 years later (1729), Carolina became the two royal colonies of North Carolina and South Carolina. (Now we have 4 Royal Colonies! Almost about a third are now Royal Colonies.)

26. Georgia
Georgia is the last of the British Colonies in America to be established in 1733.
A group led by James Oglethorpe received a charter to create a colony where poor people and debtors (those who are unable to pay their debt) could have a fresh start.
Debtors were usually thrown into prison back in Great Britain.
Georgia also served the purpose of protecting the other English colonies from an attack from Spain.
It was intended to be a military barrier between Spanish Florida and South Carolina.
New conflicts over territory were breaking out between England and Spain.

27. James Oglethorpe

28. Oglethorpe’s Town
Oglethorpe led the first group of “sober, industrial, and moral persons” to Georgia in 1733.
Built the town of Savannah and forts for protection against the Spanish.
Wanted the people of Georgia to be hard working, independent, and Protestant.
He banned slavery, Catholics, and rum.
In actuality, Georgia received few debtors.
Its population consisted more of poor people from Great Britain, religious refugees from Germany and Switzerland, and a small group of Jews.
Georgia had the higher percentage of non-British settlers than any other British colony in the Americas.

29. The Colony Changes
Settlers would complain about the limits on the size of landholdings and slave labor.
Didn’t like the rules Oglethorpe had set up on their daily lives, either.
He was often referred to as “our perpetual dictator.”
He would grow frustrated with the colonies slow growth.
He eventually grants more land and lifted the ban on slavery and rum.
In 1751 he gave up altogether and turned the colony back over to the king.
At this point, the British had lined the Atlantic coast with colonies and had settled for almost a century and a half.

30. New France
The British were not the only ones colonizing North America.
The French founded Quebec in 1608.
Mainly concerned with Fish and Fur and not large-scale settlements.
Went further into the interior and established forts and missionaries to protect their profitable trade.
In 1663 new France became a royal colony.
King Louis XIV limited the privileges of fur companies and appointed a royal governor who strongly supported new exploration.

31. King Louis XIV of France

32. Down the Mississippi River
In 1670 two Frenchmen named Louis Joliet (fur trader) and Jacques Marquette (priest) explored the Mississippi River by canoe.
Hoped to find gold, silver, and other precious metals.
Also, searching for a new water passage to the Pacific.
Sailed as far south as the junction between Arkansas and Mississippi River.
When they realized it flowed all the way into the Gulf of Mexico they turned back.

34. Louis Joliet
Jacques Marquette

35. Down the Mississippi River
A few years later René-Robert Cavelier, Sier de La Salle followed the Mississippi into the Gulf.
Claimed the region around the river for France and named it Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV.
In 1718 the French port of New Orleans is founded near the mouth of the Mississippi.
Eventually, French explorers traders, and missionaries traveled west to the Rocky Mountains and southwest to the Rio Grande.

36. René-Robert Cavelier, Sier de La Salle
(Seriously? Say that 10 times fast x_x)

37. Growth of New France
French settlements in America advanced very slowly.
Settlements existed as a system of estates along the St. Lawrence River.
Estate holders received land for bringing settlers to the colony.
The settlers were known as tenant farmers, who paid their lords an annual rent and worked for him for a fixed number of days each year.
French got along better with the Native Americans than any other European group.
Learned their language, lived amongst them, and respected their ways.

38. Growth of New France
French missionaries came with the intent to convert the Natives but did not force them to change their customs.
Since the French settlements grew so slowly they also did not push the Natives off their land.

39. New Spain
The Spanish still controlled most of Mexico, the Caribbean, and Central and South America.
Also expanded into western and southern parts what would one day be part of the United States.
Determined to control their empire in North America Spain sent missionaries, soldiers, and settlers, into present-day New Mexico.
They established the settlement of Santa Fe around the end of 1609 or the start of 1610.
Another group of missionaries and settlers went to present-day Arizona in the late 1600s.

40. New Spain
As the French claimed up areas around the Mississippi, the Spanish settled into present-day Texas.
They wanted to control the area between the French territory and Mexico.
Established San Antonio and seven other military posts in Texas.

41. Missions in California
Spanish priests built a string of missions along the Pacific coast.
Missions are religious settlements created to convert people to a certain faith.
The missions also allowed for them to stake claims in California.
Unfortunately, the Spanish would also bring Natives to the missions (often by force) to serve as laborers in fields and workshops.
In 1769 Junípero Serra, a Franciscan monk, founded a mission in San Diego.
He set up eight more missions in California along a route call El Camino Real (The Royal Highway) that would eventually become cities such as Los Angeles and Monterey

42. Missions in California
The distance between one mission and the nest was usually a days walk.
Serra would travel to each one and advise them.
He fought for the rights of Native Americans often preventing army commanders in the region from mistreating them.

43. Junípero Serra

44. European Conflicts in North America
The rivalries from Europe continued into North America.
Britain and France fought several wars in the 1700s and when fighting broke out in Europe the British and French would fight in North America too.
They were the principle rivals of the of colonial period.
Both were expanding in North America and these constant battles would inevitably shape events across the Atlantic even more decisively.