1. Causes of Migration
AP Human Geography

2. Objective
By the end of this lesson, students will be able to analyze and understand the causes of migration, both voluntary and forced.

3. Why move?? People move for a number of reasons
Better homes, jobs, climate, etc.
Migration involves a decision, but it can sometimes be a “forced” decision rather than a voluntary one.

4. Types of Migration Forced Voluntary Rural to Urban Urban to Rural
In Search of Work
Better Climate
War
Persecution
Disasters
Hazard-ous events
Survival
Desires

5. Voluntary Migration
Rural To Urban: People are attracted to “glamorous” employment opportunities in cities
Urban to Rural: Weary of city life and the high cost of living, people seek refuge in the tranquility of the countryside
International Migration: people are motivated for many reasons to travel overseas and begin new lives.

6. Forced Migration
Natural disasters like hurricanes, floods, earthquakes and the spread of disease have all encouraged people to move
War and persecution are extreme examples of forced migration
Civil War has led people to move to nearby countries

7. Lees Model of Migration
1966 (Model to explain forces in migration)
It introduced the idea of intervening obstacles that need to be overcome before migration can take place
Source and destination are seen as possessing a range of attributes: each “would-be migrant” perceives these attributes differently depending on age, race, gender, marital status, etc.

8. Lee’s Model

9. Intervening Obstacles
Factors, real or perceived, that might prevent migration.
Passport documents
Learning to drive
Learning a new language
Schools for children

10. Intervening Opportunity
The presence of a nearer opportunity that greatly diminishes the attractiveness of sites farther away.

11. Common Examples of Push and Pull
Disagreeable Climate
Lack of Employment Opportunity
High Cost of Living
Pollution
Overcrowding
Pull
Agreeable Climate
Employment Opportunities
Clean Air
Family Connections and Friends
Push and Pull is COMPLEX because people all have different perceptions of places. What attracts some people to a place also serves to repel others.

12. Consider Push/Pull Factors for the next 2 photographs

14. Test Your Knowledge!

15. In the next few slides, there will be a migration story.
Figure out if the example is demonstrating a: push factor, pull factor, intervening obstacle or intervening opportunity.
Write your answers down in your notebook, and we will review at the end.

16. Intervening Obstacle
Intervening Opportunity
Pull Factor
Push Factor
A new mayor is elected in Chicago. His new city plans include shutting down many schools and cutting school budgets. Now, Mr. Wilson, a resident of Chicago, has a son who is now in an overcrowded classroom of 40 students and there’s less of a budget to improve the school and hire high quality teachers. Him and his wife decide out to the suburbs.

17. Intervening Obstacle
Intervening Opportunity
Pull Factor
Push Factor
Liliana decided she wanted to study abroad in Australia. When she filled out her paperwork to get her passport documents, she realized that she may not get them in time to leave. She paid extra to have them shipped faster, but they still didn’t get there in time. She ended up having to put off studying abroad until next semester.

18. Intervening Obstacle
Intervening Opportunity
Pull Factor
Push Factor
Intervening Obstacle
Intervening Opportunity
Push Factor
Forced Migration
Voluntary Migration
Pull Factor
Jose, a graduate of Harvard, works in a small advertising firm in a suburb of Chicago. He has made such a name for himself, that the Google office out of Los Angeles offers him a job with twice the pay and more vacation time. Also, you can’t complain about the weather in LA.

19. Intervening Obstacle
Intervening Opportunity
Pull Factor
Push Factor
Intervening Obstacle
Intervening Opportunity
Push Factor
Pull Factor
Mary, from Chicago, had plans to attend Arizona State University in the fall. She registered for classes, visited the campus, and even had a roommate picked out. A few weeks before school started, she found out that she got accepted to the University of Illinois, just 2 hours away. At the last minute, she decided to go to Illinois instead of Arizona.

20. Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration
1. The majority of migrants move short distances. They may move in steps, but they move short distances.

21. Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration
2. Those who move far away, move to cities

22. Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration
3. Urban residents are less migratory
4. Most migration is rural to urban.

23. Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration
5. Families are less migratory than young adults

24. Ravenstein’s Laws of Migration
6. Most international migrants are young males, while most internal migration are female.

25. Formal Sector Jobs Most fortunate migrants will find jobs here.
A regular wage that gives some access to the other advantages of urban life.
Let’s think of some examples

26. Informal Sector Jobs
Because the demand for jobs generally is greater than supply, many migrants can do no better than this.
These jobs generally require very little skill or education
There is no set wage
Let’s think of examples